Venice Biennale

The Venice Biennale (Italian: La Biennale di Venezia; in English also called the "Venice Biennial") is a major contemporary art exhibition that takes place once every two years (in odd years) in Venice, Italy. The Venice Biennale includes the following separate events (in chronological order of inauguration):

• Art Biennale, also referred to as International Art Exhibition (Venice), (the 'original' event), since 1895
• Biennale Musica, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music (Venice), since 1930
• Biennale Teatro, also referred to as International Theatre Festival (Venice), since 1934
• Venice Film Festival, also referred to as Venice International Film Festival, since 1934
• Venice Biennale of Architecture, also referred to as International Architecture Exhibition (Venice), since 1980
• Dance Biennale, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Dance (Venice), since 1999.
• International Kids’ Carnival (Venice), since 2009

History

1895 until 1947

On April 19, 1893 the Venetian City Council passed a resolution to set up an biennial exhibition of Italian Art ("Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale") to celebrate the silver anniversary of King Umberto I and Margherita of Savoy.

A year later, the council degreed "to adopt a 'by invitation' system; to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too; to admit works by uninvited Italian artists, as selected by a jury."

The first Biennale, "I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice)" (although originally scheduled for April 22, 1894) was opened on April 30, 1895 by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia. The first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors.

The event became more and more international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries started installing national pavilions at the exhibition, with the first being from Belgium. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed- a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a one-man show for Renoir, a retrospective dedicated to Courbet. A work by Picasso was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public. By 1914 seven pavilions had been established: Belgium (1907), Hungary (1909), Germany (1909), Great Britain (1909), France (1912), and Russia (1914).

During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled.

In 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art, notably Impressionists and Post-Impressionists.

1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there.

In 1928 the Istituto Storico d'Arte Contemporanea (Historical Institute of Contemporary Art) opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art.

In 1930, the Biennale was transformed into an Ente Autonomo (Autonomous Board) by Royal Decree with law no. 33 of 13-1-1930, Subsequently, the control of the Biennale passed from the Venice city council to the national Fascist government under Benito Mussolini. As a result of this restructure and associated financial boost, as well as the president, Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata, several new sections of the event were established including the Biennale Musica in 1930, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music, the Biennale Theatro in 1934, also referred to as International Theatre Festival, and in the same year the Venice Film Festival, also referred to as Venice International Film Festival.

In 1933 the Biennale organised exhibition of Italien art abroad.

From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section.

During World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted: 1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, and the Art Exhibition in 1948.

1948 until 1973

The Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. The Secretary general, art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini, started with the Impressionists and many protagonists of contemporary art including Chagall, Klee, Braque, Delvaux, Ensor, and Magritte as well as a retrospective of Picasso's work. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her famous New York collection. This collection subsequently found a home at Ca' Venier dei Leoni.

1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European, and later worldwide, movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in the Biennales exhibition spaces.

In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe.

1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country.

1957 the Golden Lion went to Satyait Ray's Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West.

1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra.

1964 the Art Exhibition introduced Europe to Pop Art. The American Robert Rauschenberg was the first American artist to win the Gran Premio, and the youngest to date.

The student protests of 1968 also marked a crisis for the Biennale. Student protests hindered the opening of the Biennale. A resulting period of institutional changes opened and ending with a new Statute in 1973.

1969, following the protests, the Grand Prizes were abandoned. These resumed in 1980 for the Mostra del Cinema and in 1986 for the Art Exhibition.

In 1972, for the first time a theme was adopted by the Biennale, called "Opera o comportamento" ("Work or Behaviour").

Starting from 1973 the Music Festival was no longer held annually. During the year in which the Mostra del Cinema was not held, there was a series of "Giornate del cinema italiano" (Days of Italian Cinema) promoted by sectorial bodies in campo Santa Margherita, in Venice.

1974 until 1998

1974 saw the start of the four-year presidency of Carlo Ripa di Meana. The International Art Exhibition was not held (until it was resumed in 1976). Theatre and cinema events were held in October 1974 and 1975 under the title Libertà per il Cile (Freedom for Chile)- a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.

On 15 November 1977, the so-called 'Biennale of Dissent' (International and of the USSR) opened. Because of the ensuing controversies, president Ripa di Meana resigned.

In 1979 the new presidency of Giuseppe Galasso (1979-1982) began. The principle was laid down whereby each of the artistic sectors was to have a permanent director to organise its activity.

In 1980 the Architecture sector of the Biennale was set up. The director, Paolo Portoghesi, opened the Corderie dell'Arsenale to the public for the first time'. At the Mostra del Cinema, the awards were brought back into being (between 1969 and 1979, the editions were non-competitive). In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto", a section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed the 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale.

The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts while Germano Celant served as director in 1997.

For the Centenary in 1995, the Biennale promoted events in every sector of its activity: the 34th Festival del Teatro, the 46th Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte, the 46th Festival di Musica, the 52nd Mostra del Cinema.

1999 until now

In 1999 and 2001, Harald Szeemann directed two editions in a row (48th & 49th) bringing in a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and more young artist than usual and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of the Arsenale.

In 1999 a new sector was created for live shows: DMT (Dance Music Theatre).

The 50th edition, 2003, directed by Francesco Bonami, had a record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist, Catherine David, Igor Zabel, Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni.

The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez. De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over the Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane. In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the Biennale (the 52nd), with a show entitled Think with the Senses â€" Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense. Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum was artistic director of the 2009 edition, followed by the Swiss Bice Curiger in 2011.

The latest biennale, in 2013, was curated by the Italian Massimiliano Gioni. His title and theme, Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace, was adopted from an architectural model by the self-taught Italian-American artist Marino Auriti. Auriti's work, The Encyclopedic Palace of the World was lent by the American Folk Art Museum and exhibited in the first room of the Arsenale for the duration of the biennale. For Gioni, Auriti's work, "meant to house all worldly knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from the wheel to the satellite," provided an analogous figure for the "biennale model itself...based on the impossible desire to concentrate the infinite worlds of contemporary art in a single place: a task that now seems as dizzyingly absurd as Auriti's dream."

Curator Okwui Enwezor is responsible for the 2015 edition. He will be the first African-born curator of the biennial.

The Biennale has an attendance today of over 300,000 visitors.

Artistic Directors

• 1962 â€" Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua
• 1964 â€" Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua
• 1966 â€" Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua
• 1968 â€" Maurizio Calvesi and Guido Ballo
• 1970 â€" Umbro Apollonio
• 1972 â€" Mario Penelope
• 1974 â€" Vittorio Gregotti
• 1976 â€" Vittorio Gregotti
• 1978 â€" Luigi Scarpa
• 1980 â€" Luigi Carluccio
• 1982 â€" Sisto Dalla Palma
• 1984 â€" Maurizio Calvesi
• 1986 â€" Maurizio Calvesi
• 1988 â€" Giovanni Carandente
• 1990 â€" Giovanni Carandente
• 1993 â€" Achille Bonito Oliva
• 1995 â€" Jean Clair
• 1997 â€" Germano Celant
• 1999 â€" Harald Szeemann
• 2001 â€" Harald Szeemann
• 2003 â€" Francesco Bonami
• 2005 â€" Maria de Corral and Rosa Martînez
• 2007 â€" Robert Storr
• 2009 â€" Daniel Birnbaum
• 2011 â€" Bice Curiger
• 2013 â€" Massimiliano Gioni
• 2015 â€" Okwui Enwezor

Role in the art market

When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work, a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of the biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore the financial involvement of dealers is widely regarded indispensable. Furthermore, every other year the Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel, the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art. Numerous galleries with artists on show in Venice usually bring work by the same artists to Basel.

Central Pavilion and Arsenale

The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini. The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director.

For the 2013 edition, the main exhibition's budget was about $2.3 million; in addition, more than $2 million were raised mostly from private individuals and foundations and philanthropists.

Initiated in 1980, the Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists.

A special edition of the 54th Biennale was held at Padiglione Italia of Torino Esposizioni - Sala Nervi (December 2011 - February 2012) for the 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification. The event was directed by Vittorio Sgarbi.

National Pavilions

The Giardini houses 30 permanent national pavilions. Alongside the Central Pavilion, built in 1894 and later restructured and extended several times, the Giardini are occupied by a further 29 pavilions built at different periods by the various countries participating in the Biennale. The Giardini are the property of the individual countries and are managed by their ministries of culture.

Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by the African Pavilion and Mexico (2007), the United Arab Emirates (2009), and India (2011).

The assignment of the permanent pavilions was largely dictated by the international politics of the 1930s and the Cold War. There is no single format to how each country manages their pavilion, established and emerging countries represented at the biennial maintain and fund their pavilions in different ways. The pavilion for Great Britain is always managed by the British Council while the United States assigns the responsibility to a public gallery chosen by the Department of State which, since 1985, has been the Peggy Guggenheim Collection. The countries at the Arsenale that request a temporary exhibition space pay a hire fee per square meter.

In 2011, the countries were Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech and Slovak Republics, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Wales and Zimbabwe. In addition to this there are two collective pavilions: Central Asia Pavilion and Istituto Italo-Latino Americano. In 2013, ten new participant countries developed national pavilions for the Biennale: Angola, the Bahamas, Bahrain, the Ivory Coast, Kosovo, Kuwait, the Maldives, Paraguay, Tuvalu, and the Holy See.

Argentina

In 1901, Argentina was the first Latin American nation to participate in the Biennale. In 2011, it was granted a pavilion in the Sale d'Armi, which it will restore.

List of exhibitors in the Argentine Pavilion:

• 1903 â€" Pío Collivadino
• 1905 â€" Pío Collivadino
• 1907 â€" Pío Collivadino
• 1954 â€" Lucio Fontana
• 1958 â€" Lucio Fontana, Juan del Prete, Raquel Forner
• 1962 â€" Antonio Berni
• 1966 â€" Lucio Fontana, Julio Le Parc
• 1968 â€" Lucio Fontana, Nicolás García Uriburu
• 1970 â€" Luis Fernando Benedit
• 1972 â€" Lucio Fontana
• 1978 â€" Lucio Fontana
• 1984 â€" Antonio Seguí
• 1986 â€" Marta Minujin
• 1995 â€" Jorge Orta
• 1997 â€" Ana Eckell
• 1997 â€" Jaques Bedel, Luis Benedit, Oscar Bony
• 2001 â€" Leandro Erlich, Graciela Sacco (Curator: Irma Arestizábal)
• 2003 â€" Charly Nijensohn
• 2005 â€" Jorge Macchi, Edgardo Rudnitzky
• 2007 â€" Guillermo Kuitca, Jorge Macchi, Edgardo Rudnitzky (Commissioner: Adriana Rosenberg)
• 2009 â€" Luis Felipe Noé (Curator: Fabián Lebenglik)
• 2011 â€" Adrián Villar Rojas (Curator: Rodrigo Alonso)
• 2013 â€" Nicola Costantino (Curator: Fernando Farina)

Australia

The Australian Pavilion, designed by Philip Cox to be a temporary structure, was opened in 1988. Cox and other generous donors gifted this pavilion to the Commonwealth Government. A new pavilion is to be designed by architectural practice Denton Corker Marshall and due to be completed in 2015. Australia's participation at the Venice Biennale is managed by the Australia Council for the Arts. However, all of the A$6m ($6.04m) needed for the new building is to be raised from the private sector.

List of exhibitors in the Australian Pavilion:

• 1954 â€" Sidney Nolan, Russell Drysdale, William Dobell
• 1956 â€" Albert Tucker
• 1958 â€" Arthur Streeton, Arthur Boyd
• 1978 â€" Ken Unsworth, John Davis, Robert Owen
• 1980 â€" Mike Parr, Tony Coleing, Kevin Mortensen
• 1982 â€" Peter Booth, Rosalie Gascoigne
• 1984 â€" no participation
• 1986 â€" Imants Tillers
• 1988 â€" Arthur Boyd (Australian Pavilion opens)
• 1990 â€" Trevor Nickolls, Rover Thomas
• 1993 â€" Jenny Watson
• 1995 â€" Bill Henson
• 1997 â€" Judy Watson, Yvonne Koolmatrie, Emily Kngwarreye
• 1999 â€" Howard Arkley
• 2001 â€" Lyndal Jones
• 2003 â€" Patricia Piccinini
• 2005 â€" Ricky Swallow
• 2007 â€" Callum Morton, Susan Norrie, Daniel von Sturmer
• 2009 â€" Shaun Gladwell, Vernon Ah Kee, Ken Yonetani, Claire Healy & Sean Cordeiro (Curator: Felicity Fenner)
• 2011 â€" Hany Armanious (Curator: Anne Ellegood)
• 2013 â€" Simryn Gill (Curator: Catherine de Zegher)
• 2015 â€" Fiona Margaret Hall (Curator: Linda Michael)

Austria

Designed by Joseph Hoffmann with the collaboration of Robert Kramreiter, 1934 (restored by Hans Hollein, 1984). The clear symmetrical building, conceived as a white cube from the outset, was the first Venice pavilion to have been designed by a leading Classical Modern architect. The Hoffmann pavilion was not used following the annexation of Austria by the Third Reich in 1938, nor in the subsequent Biennale years of 1940 and 1942. Austrian artists with close ties to the Nazi regime were shown in the German Pavilion.

List of exhibitors in the Austrian Pavilion:

• 1978 â€" Arnulf Rainer (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1980 â€" Valie Export, Maria Lassnig (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1982 â€" Walter Pichler (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1984 â€" Christian Ludwig Attersee (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1986 â€" Max Peintner, Karl Prantl (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1988 â€" Siegfried Anzinger (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1990 â€" Franz West (Commissioner: Hans Hollein)
• 1993 â€" Gerwald Rockenschaub, Andrea Fraser, Christian Philipp Müller (Commissioner: Peter Weibel)
• 1995 â€" Coop Himmelb(l)au, Peter Kogler, Richard Kriesche, Peter Sandbichler / Constanze Ruhm, Eva Schlegel, Ruth Schnell (Commissioner: Peter Weibel)
• 1997 â€" Die Wiener Gruppe (Friedrich Achleitner, Konrad Bayer, Gerhard Rühm, Oswald Wiener) (Commissioner: Peter Weibel)
• 1999 â€" Peter Friedl, Rainer Ganahl, Christine Hohenbüchler and Irene Hohenbüchler, Wochenklausur (Commissioner: Peter Weibel)
• 2001 â€" Granular Synthesis (Ulf Langheinrich & Kurt Hentschläger), Gelatin (Commissioner: Elisabeth Schweeger)
• 2003 â€" Bruno Gironcoli (Commissioner: Kasper König)
• 2005 â€" Hans Schabus (Commissioner: Max Hollein)
• 2007 â€" Herbert Brandl (Commissioner: Robert Fleck)
• 2009 â€" Elke Krystufek, Dorit Margreiter, Lois & Franziska Weinberger (Commissioners: Valie Export und Silvia Eiblmayr)
• 2011 â€" Markus Schinwald (Commissioner: Eva Schlegel)
• 2013 â€" Mathias Poledna (Commissioner: Jasper Sharp)

Azerbaijan

List of exhibitors in the Azerbaijan Pavilion:

• 2007 .............. (curators - Leyla Akhundzade and Sabina Shikhlinskaya)
• 2009 ............. (curator - Leyla Akhundzade)
• 2011 â€" Mikayil Abdurahmanov and Altai Sadighzadeh (paintings), Aidan Salakhova and Khanlar Gasimov (sculptures), Zeigam Azizov and Aga Ousseinov (multidisciplinary installations). Curators: Cinghiz Farzaliev and Beral Madra
• 2013 â€" Rashad Alakbarov, Sanan Aleskerov, Chingiz Babayev, Butunay Hagverdiyev, Fakhriyya Mammadova, Farid Rasulov (curator- Herve Mikaeloff)

Belgium

Designed by Leon Sneyers, 1907 (totally restored by Virgilio Vallot, 1948).

List of exhibitors in the Belgian Pavilion:

• 1948 â€" Louis Buisseret
• 1958 â€" Jules Lismonde (fr) (winner of the Renato Carrain Prize)
• 1964 â€" Vic Gentils
• 1997 â€" Thierry de Cordier
• 1999 â€" Berlinde de Bruyckere
• 2001 â€" Luc Tuymans
• 2005 â€" Honoré d'O
• 2007 â€" Éric Duyckaerts, Berlinde de Bruyckere
• 2009 â€" Jef Geys (Curator: Dirk Snauwaert)
• 2011 â€" Angel Vergara, Luc Tuymans
• 2013 â€" Berlinde de Bruyckere (Curator: J.M. Coetzee)
• 2015 â€" Elisabetta Benassi (Curators: Vincent Meessen, Katerina Gregos)

Brazil

Designed by Amerigo Marchesin, 1964.

List of exhibitors in the Brazilian Pavilion:

• 1950 â€" Roberto Burle Marx, Milton Dacosta, Cicero Dias, Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, Flavio de Carvalho, Candido Portinari, José Pancetti, Bruno Giorgi, Victor Brecheret, Livio Abramo, Oswaldo Goeldi
• 1958 â€" Lasar Segall
• 1956 â€" Aldemir Martins
• 1960 â€" Antonio Bandeira, Danilo Di Prete, Manabu Mabe, Aloisio Magalhães, Teresa Nicolao, Loio-Pérsio, Mario Cravo
• 1962 â€" Alfredo Volpi, Anna Letycia Quadros, Fernando Jackson Ribeiro, Gilvan Samico, Iberê Camargo, Isabel Pons, Ivan Ferreira Serpa, Lygia Clark, Marcelo Grassmann, Rossini Quintas Perez, Rubem Valentim
• 1964 â€" Abraham Palatnik, Alfredo Volpi, Almir Mavignier, Franz Weissmann, Frans Krajcberg, Glauco Rodrigues, Tarsila do Amaral
• 1966 â€" Sergio de Camargo
• 1968 â€" Lygia Clark
• 1970 â€" Mary Vieira, Roberto Burle Marx
• 1972 â€" Humberto Espíndola, Paulo Roberto Leal, Franz Weissmann
• 1976 â€" Claudio Tozzi, Evandro Carlos Jardim, Regina Vater, Sergio Augusto Porto, Vera Chaves Barcellos
• 1978 â€" Carlos Alberto Fajardo, G. T. O. (Geraldo Telles de Oliveira), Julio Martins da Silva, Luiz Aquila da Rocha Miranda, Maria Auxiliadora Silva, Maria Madalena Santos Reinbolt, Paulo Gomes Garcez, Wilma Marins
• 1980 â€" Anna Bella Geiger, Antonio Dias, Carlos Vergara, Paulo Roberto Leal
• 1982 â€" Tunga, Sérgio de Camargo
• 1984 â€" Eduardo Sued, Luiz Paulo Baravelli
• 1986 â€" Gastão Manoel Henrique, Geraldo de Barros, Renina Katz, Washington Novaes
• 1988 â€" José Resende, Juraci Dórea
• 1990 â€" Frida Baranek, Daniel Senise, Francisco Brennand, Gilvan Samico, Wesley Duke Lee
• 1993 â€" Angelo Venosa, Carlos Alberto Fajardo, Emmanuel Nassar
• 1995 â€" Artur Bispo do Rosário, Nuno Ramos
• 1997 â€" Jac Leirner, Waltercio Caldas (Curator: Paulo Herkenhoff)
• 1999 â€" Iran do Espírito Santo, Nelson Leirner (Curator: Ivo Mesquita)
• 2001 â€" Vik Muniz, Ernesto Neto, Miguel Rio Branco, Tunga (Curator: Germano Celant)
• 2003 â€" Beatriz Milhazes, Rosângela Rennó (Curator: Alfons Hug)
• 2005 â€" Chelpa Ferro, Caio Reisewitz (Curator: Alfons Hug)
• 2007 â€" José Damasceno, Detanico & Lain (Curator: Jacopo Crivelli Visconti)
• 2009 â€" Luiz Braga, Delson Uchôa (Curator: Ivo Mesquita)
• 2011 â€" Artur Barrio (Curators: Moacir dos Anjos, Agnaldo Farias)
• 2013 â€" Hélio Fervenza, Odires Mlászho, Lygia Clark, Max Bill, Bruno Munari (Curator: Luis Pérez-Oramas)

Canada

The Canadian pavilion was designed by the Milan-based architecture firm BBPR (Gian Luigi Banfi, Ludovico Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Enrico Peressutti, Ernesto Nathan Rogers) and was first used at the 1958 biennale. The nation has been participating in the international exhibition since 1952. The National Gallery of Canada took over the Venice selection process from the Canada Council in 2010.

List of exhibitors in the Canadian Pavilion:

• 1952 â€" Emily Carr, David Milne, Goodridge Roberts, Alfred Pellan
• 1954 â€" B C Binning, Paul-Émile Borduas, Jean-Paul Riopelle
• 1956 â€" Jack Shadbolt, Louis Archambault, Harold Town
• 1958 â€" James Wilson Morrice, Jacques de Tonnancour, Anne Kahane, Jack Nichols
• 1960 â€" Edmund Alleyne, Graham Coughtry, Jean Paul Lemieux, Frances Loring, Albert Dumouchel
• 1962 â€" Jean-Paul Riopelle
• 1964 â€" Harold Town, Elza Mayhew
• 1966 â€" Alex Colville, Yves Gaucher, Sorel Etrog
• 1968 â€" Ulysse Comtois, Guido Molinari
• 1970 â€" Michael Snow
• 1972 â€" Gershon Iskowitz, Walter Redinger
• 1976 â€" Greg Curnoe
• 1978 â€" Ron Martin, Henry Saxe
• 1980 â€" Collin Campbell, Pierre Falardeau & Julien Poulin, General Idea, Tom Sherman, Lisa Steele
• 1982 â€" Paterson Ewen
• 1984 â€" Ian Carr-Harris, Liz Magor
• 1986 â€" Melvin Charney, Krzysztof Wodiczko
• 1988 â€" Roland Brener, Michel Goulet
• 1990 â€" Geneviève Cadieux
• 1993 â€" Robin Collyer
• 1995 â€" Edward Poitras
• 1997 â€" Rodney Graham
• 1999 â€" Tom Dean
• 2001 â€" Janet Cardiff & George Bures Miller
• 2003 â€" Jana Sterbak
• 2005 â€" Rebecca Belmore
• 2007 â€" David Altmejd
• 2009 â€" Mark Lewis (Curator: Barbara Fischer)
• 2011 â€" Steven Shearer (Curator: Josée Drouin-Brisebois)
• 2013 â€" Shary Boyle (Curator: Josée Drouin-Brisebois)
• 2015 â€" BGL (Curator: Marie Fraser)

Central Asia

The first Central Asian Pavilion was an initiative of Victor Miziano in 2005. In the following years the second pavilion was organized by Yulia Sorokina (Almaty) and the third by Beral Madra (Istanbul). Each of these exhibitions was different in format and approach. The first one â€" Art from Central Asia. A Contemporary Archive â€" aimed at placing Central Asia on the ‘map’ of international art. Along the works of invited artists, there were many video compilations of films, performance and happenings presented by Central Asian artists from the end of 1990s and beginning of 2000.

List of exhibitors in the Central Asia Pavilion:

• 2005 â€" Said Atabekov, Vyacheslav Akhunov & Sergey Tychina, Maksim Boronilov & Roman Maskalev, Elena Vorobyeva & Viktor Vorobyev, Kasmalieva & Djumaliev, Sergey Maslov, Almagul Menlibaeva, Erbossyn Meldibekov, Alexander Nikolaev, Rustam Khalfin & Yulia Tikhonova (Curators: Viktor Misiano, Commissioner: Churek Djamgerchinova)
• 2007 â€" Roman Maskalev, Almagul Menlibaeva & German Popov, Gulnur Mukazhanova, Alexander Nikolaev, Aleksey Rumyantsev, Alexander Ugay, Аsia Animation, Said Atabekov, Vyacheslav Akhunov, Alla Girik & Oksana Shatalova, Digsys, Natalia Dyu, Zadarnovsky Brothers, Gaukhar Kiyekbayeva, Vyacheslav Useinov, Jamol Usmanov, Aytegin Muratbek Uulu, Jamshed Kholikov, ZITABL (Commissioner and curator: Yulia Sorokina)
• 2009 â€" Ermek Jaenish, Jamshed Kholikov, Anzor Salidjanov, Oksana Shatalova, Elena Vorobyeva & Viktor Vorobyev (Curator: Beral Madra, Commissioner: Vittorio Urbani)
• 2011 â€" Natalia Andrianova, Said Atabekov, Artyom Ernst, Galim Madanov and Zauresh Terekbay, Yerbossyn Meldibekov, Alexander Nikolaev, Marat Raiymkulov, Aleksey Rumyantsev and Alla Rumyantseva, Adis Seitaliev (Curators: Boris Chukhovich, Georgy Mamedov, Oksana Shatalova, Commissioners: Asel Akmatova, Andris Brinkmanis)

Chile

List of exhibitors in the Chilean Pavilion:

• 2009 â€" Iván Navarro (Curators: Antonio Arévalo, Justo Pastor Mellado)
• 2011 â€" Fernando Prats
• 2013 â€" Alfredo Jaar (Curator: Madeleine Grynsztejn)

Croatia

List of exhibitors in the Croatian Pavilion:

• 1993 â€" Milivoj Bijelić, Ivo Deković, and Željko Kipke
• 1995 â€" Martina Kramer, Goran Petercol, Mirko Zrinščak, Ivan Faktor, Nina Ivančić, Damir Sokić, Mladen Stilinović, Dean Jokanović Toumin, Goran Trbuljak, Gorki Žanić
• 1997 â€" Dalibor Martinis
• 1999 â€" Zlatan Vrkljan
• 2001 â€" Julije Knifer
• 2003 â€" Boris Cvjetanović and Ana Opalić
• 2010 â€" SaÅ¡a Begović, Marko Dabrović, Igor Franić, Tanja Grozdanić, Petar MiÅ¡ković, Silvije Novak, Veljko Oluić, Helena Paver Njirić, Lea Pelivan, Toma Plejić, Goran Rako, SaÅ¡a Randić, Turato Idis, Pero Vuković e Tonči Žarnić
• 2013 â€" Kata Mijatović (Curator: Branko Franceschi)

Czech Republic and Slovakia

Designed by Otakar Novotný, 1926 (annex built by Boguslav Rychlinch, 1970).

List of exhibitors in the Czech and Slovak Pavilion:

• 1993 â€" FrantiÅ¡ek Skála, Daniel Fischer
• 2001 â€" Jiří Surůvka, Ilona Németh, (Curator: Katarína Rusnáková)
• 2007 â€" Irena Jůzová
• 2009 â€" Roman Ondák
• 2011 â€" Dominik Lang (Curator: Yvona Ferencová)
• 2013 â€" Petra Feriancová, ZbynÄ›k Baladrán (Curator: Marek Pokorný)

Denmark

Designed by Carl Brummer, 1932 (annex designed by Peter Koch, 1958).

The Danish Arts Council Committee for International Visual Arts serves as commissioner for the Danish Pavilion at the Biennale, where Denmark has taken part since 1895.

List of exhibitors in the Danish Pavilion:

• 1999 â€" Jason Rhoades, Peter Bonde
• 2003 â€" Olafur Eliasson
• 2005 â€" Eva Koch, Joachim Koester, Peter Land, Ann Lislegaard, Gitte Villesen
• 2007 â€" Troels Wörsel (Commissioner: Holger Reenberg; Assistant Commissioner: Stinna Toft Christensen)
• 2009 â€" Elmgreen and Dragset
• 2011 â€" Taryn Simon and others (Curator: Katerina Gregos)
• 2013 â€" Jesper Just
• 2015 â€" Danh Vo

Egypt

Egypt was assigned a pavilion in 1952.

List of exhibitors in the Egyptian Pavilion:

• 1960 â€" Kamal Amin
• 1976 â€" Kamal Amin
• 1995 â€" Akram El Magdoub â€" Hamdi Attia â€" Medhat Shafik â€" Khaled Shokry
• 2009 â€" Adel El Siwi, Ahmad Askalany (Curator: Adel El Siwi)
• 2011 â€" Ahmed Basiony (Curators: Aida Eltorie, Shady El Noshokaty)
• 2013 â€" Mohamed Banawy, Khaled Zaki

Estonia

The expositions at the Estonian Pavilion are regularly commissioned by the Center for Contemporary Arts, Estonia.

List of exhibitors in the Estonian Pavilion:

• 2003 â€" Kaido Ole
• 2005 â€" Mark Raidpere
• 2007 â€" Marko Mäetamm (Curator: Mika Hannula)
• 2009 â€" Kristina Norman (Curator: Marko Laimre)
• 2011 â€" Liina Siib
• 2013 â€" Dénes Farkas

Finland

Designed by Alvar Aalto to be a temporary construction for the architecture biennale in 1956, the pavilion was later restored by Fredrik Fogh with the collaboration of Elsa Makiniemi, 1976â€"1982. Also used by Iceland. In 2011, a big tree fell over the pavilion in Venice, effectively interrupting the Finnish exhibition in the 2011 biennale. The pavilion and the works exhibited there were damaged and the show had to be closed ahead of time. The pavilion was later restored.

• 2005 â€" Jaakko Heikkilä
• 2007 â€" Maaria Wirkkala
• 2011 â€" Vesa-Pekka Rannikko (Curator: Laura Köönikkä)
• 2013 â€" Antti Laitinen, Terike Haapoja (Curators: Mika Elo, Marko Karo Harri Laakso)

France

France will be celebrating nearly a century in its pavilion at the 2011 Venice Biennale, which was designed by Faust Finzi in 1912.

List of exhibitors in the French Pavilion:

• 1962 â€" Alfred Manessier, Jean Messagier, Serge Poliakoff, Andrew Marfaing, James Guitet
• 1976 â€" Herve Fisher, Fred Forest, Raymond Hains, Alain Jacquet, Bertrand Lavier, Jean-Pierre Raynaud, Jean-Michel Sanejouand, Jean-Paul Thenot (Commissioner: Pierre Restany)
• 1982 â€" Simon Hantaï
• 1984 â€" Jean Dubuffet
• 1986 â€" Daniel Buren
• 1991 â€" Jean Nouvel, Christian de Portzamparc, Philippe Starck
• 1993 â€" Jean-Pierre Raynaud
• 1995 â€" César
• 1997 â€" Fabrice Hybert
• 1999 â€" Huang Yong Ping, Jean-Pierre Bertrand
• 2001 â€" Pierre Huyghe
• 2003 â€" Jean-Marc Bustamante
• 2005 â€" Annette Messager (Curator: Caroline Ferreira)
• 2007 â€" Sophie Calle
• 2009 â€" Claude Lévêque (Curator: Christian Bernard)
• 2011 â€" Christian Boltanski (Curator: Jean-Hubert Martin)
• 2013 â€" Anri Sala (Curator: Christine Macel) [Exhibition was held at the French pavilion]
• 2015 â€" Céleste Boursier-Mougenot (Curator: Emma Lavigne)

Georgia

List of exhibitors in the Georgian Pavilion:

• 2009 â€" Koka Ramishvili (Curator: Khatuna Khabuliani)
• 2013 â€" Bouillon Group, Thea Djordjadze, Nikoloz Lutidze, Gela Patashuri with Ei Arakawa and Sergei Tcherepnin, Gio Sumbadze (Commissioner: Marine Mizandari, curator: Joanna Warsza)

Germany

The commissioner for the German contribution to Biennial is the German Foreign Ministry. On the recommendation of an advisory committee of museum directors and art experts, the ministry appoints a curator (formerly called a commissioner) who is responsible for the selection of the artists and the organisation of the contribution. This appointment is usually for two years in succession. The Sparkassen-Kulturfonds (culture fund) of the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband is the pavilion's main sponsor. The Goethe-Institut and, since 2013, the ifa Friends of the German Pavilion are also funders.

From 1982 until 1990 the German Democratic Republic organized its own exhibitions in the former Pavilion of Decorative Art. Germany's pavilion was redesigned by Ernst Haiger and inaugurated in 1938 by the ruling Nazi government, a fact that has inspired artistic responses from some presenters. It was originally designed by Daniele Donghi in 1909.

List of exhibitors in the German Pavilion:

• 1950 â€" Der Blaue Reiter (Curator: Eberhard Hanfstaengl)
• 1952 â€" Die Brücke (Curator: Eberhard Hanfstaengl)
• 1954 â€" Heinz Battke, Leo Cremer, Edgar Ende, Paul Klee, Karl Kunz, Oskar Schlemmer, Rudolf Schlichter, Hans Uhlmann, Mac Zimmermann (Curator: Eberhard Hanfstaengl)
• 1958 â€" Karl Otto Götz, Fred Thieler, Julius Bissier, Rolf Cavael, Werner Gilles, Otto Herbert Hajek, Wassily Kandinsky, Heinrich Kirchner, Fritz Koenig, Hans Mettel, Otto Pankok, Hans Platschek, E. Andreas Rauch, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Johanna Schütz-Wolff, Emil Schumacher, K. R. H. Sonderborg, Wilhelm Wessel, Hans Wimmer (Curator: Eberhard Hanfstaengl)
• 1960 â€" Willi Baumeister, Julius Bissier, Emil Cimiotti, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Rupert Stöckl, Werner Schreib, Ernst Weiers (Kurator Konrad Röthel)
• 1962 â€" Werner Gilles, HAP Grieshaber, Erich Heckel, Alfred Lörcher, Brigitte Meier-Denninghoff, Emil Schumacher (Curator: Konrad Röthel)
• 1964 â€" Joseph Fassbender, Norbert Kricke (Commissioner: Eduard Trier)
• 1966 â€" Horst Antes, Günter Haese, Ferdinand Ris (Commissioner: Eduard Trier)
• 1968 â€" Horst Janssen, Richard Oelze (Commissioner: Alfred Hentzen)
• 1970 â€" Kaspar-Thomas Lenk, Heinz Mack, Georg Karl Pfahler, Günther Uecker (Commissioner: Dieter Honisch)
• 1972 â€" Gerhard Richter (Commissioner: Dieter Honisch)
• 1976 â€" Joseph Beuys, Jochen Gertz, Reiner Ruthenbeck (Commissioner: Klaus Gallwitz)
• 1978 â€" Dieter Krieg, Ulrich Rückriem (Commissioner: Klaus Gallwitz)
• 1980 â€" Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer (Commissioner: Klaus Gallwitz)
• 1982 â€" Hanne Darboven, Gotthard Graubner, Wolfgang Laib (Commissioner: Johannes Cladders)
• 1984 â€" Lothar Baumgarten, A. R. Penck (Commissioner: Johannes Cladders)
• 1986 â€" Sigmar Polke (Commissioner: Dierk Stemmler)
• 1988 â€" Felix Droese (Commissioner: Dierk Stemmler)
• 1990 â€" Bernd and Hilla Becher, Reinhard Mucha (Commissioner: Klaus Bußmann)
• 1993 â€" Hans Haacke, Nam June Paik (Commissioner: Klaus Bußmann)
• 1995 â€" Katharina Fritsch, Martin Honert, Thomas Ruff (Commissioner: Jean-Christophe Ammann)
• 1997 â€" Gerhard Merz, Katharina Sieverding (Commissioner: Gudrun Inboden)
• 1999 â€" Rosemarie Trockel (Commissioner: Gudrun Inboden)
• 2001 â€" Gregor Schneider (Commissioner: Udo Kittelmann)
• 2003 â€" Candida Höfer, Martin Kippenberger (Curator: Julian Heynen)
• 2005 â€" Thomas Scheibitz, Tino Sehgal (Curator: Julian Heynen)
• 2007 â€" Isa Genzken (Curator: Nicolaus Schafhausen)
• 2009 â€" Liam Gillick (Curator: Nicolaus Schafhausen)
• 2011 â€" Christoph Schlingensief (Curator: Susanne Gaensheimer)
• 2013 â€" Ai Weiwei, Romuald Karmakar, Santu Mofokeng, Dayanita Singh (Curator: Susanne Gaensheimer) [Exhibition was held at the French pavilion]
• 2015 â€" Tobias Zielony, Hito Steyerl, Olaf Nicolai, Jasmina Metwaly and Philip Rizk (Curator: Florian Ebner)

Great Britain

Designed by Edwin Alfred Rickards, 1909.

Since 1938 the British Council has been responsible for the British Pavilion in Venice, showing British artists at the Venice Biennale.

List of exhibitors in the British Pavilion:

• 1948 â€" Sculptures by Henry Moore. Paintings by J. M. W. Turner. Works by Ben Nicholson and John Tunnard.
• 1950 â€" Paintings by Matthew Smith and John Constable. Sculptures by Barbara Hepworth.
• 1952 â€" Paintings by Graham Sutherland and Edward Wadsworth. Sculptures by the New Aspects of British Sculpture group (Robert Adams, Kenneth Armitage, Reg Butler, Lynn Chadwick, Geoffrey Clarke, Bernard Meadows, Henry Moore, Eduardo Paolozzi, and William Turnbull).
• 1954 â€" Paintings by Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud, and Ben Nicholson. Sculptures by Reg Butler relating to his Unknown Political Prisoner monument. Lithographs by Allin Brains, Geoffrey Clarke, Henry Cliffe, Robert Colquhoun, William Gear, Henry Moore, Eduardo Paolozzi, Ceri Richards, William Scott, and Graham Sutherland.
• 1956 â€" Paintings by Ivon Hitchens, John Bratby, Derrick Greaves, Edward Middleditch, and Jack Smith. Sculptures by Lynn Chadwick.
• 1958 â€" Paintings by William Scott and S. W. Hayter. Sculptures by Kenneth Armitage, Sezione Giovani, Sandra Blow, Anthony Caro, and Alan Davie.
• 1960 â€" Mixed media works by Victor Pasmore. Paintings by Merlyn Evans, Geoffrey Clarke, Henry Cliffe.
• 1962 â€" Paintings by Ceri Richards. Sculptures by Robert Adams and Hubert Dalwood.
• 1964 â€" Mixed media works by Joe Tilson. Paintings by Roger Hilton, Gwyther Irwin. Sculptures by Bernard Meadows.
• 1966 â€" Paintings by Richard Smith, Bernard Cohen, Harold Cohen, and Robyn Denny. Sculptures by Anthony Caro.
• 1968 â€" Paintings by Bridget Riley and Francis Bacon. Sculptures by Philip King. 'Ways of Contemporary Research' exhibition with works by Anthony Caro, David Hockney, Ben Nicholson, Eduardo Paolozzi, Victor Pasmore, Graham Sutherland.
• 1970 â€" Paintings by Richard Smith.
• 1972 â€" Paintings by John Walker. Sculptures by William G. Tucker. 'Grafica sperimentale per la stampa' exhibition with works by Pentagram (Alan Fletcher, Colin Forbes, Mervyn Kurlansky), Michael English, John Gorham, F. H. K. Henrion, Lou Klein, Enzo Ragazzini. 'Il Libro come luogo di ricerca' exhibition with works by Gilbert and George and Victor Burgin.
• 1976 â€" Works by Richard Long, Richard Hamilton, Victor Pasmore, David Mackay, Alison and Peter Smithson, James Stirling, John Davies, Phillip Hyde, Anne Rawcliffe-King, Yolanda Teuten.
• 1978 â€" Photography by Mark Boyle. 'Six Stations for Art-Nature. The Nature of Art' exhibition with works by Gilbert and George, Francis Bacon, David Hockney, Richard Long, and Malcolm Morley. 'Art and Cinema' by Anthony McCall.
• 1980 â€" Works by Tim Head and Nicholas Pope. 'Art in the Seventies' exhibition with works by Bruce McLean, Kenneth Martin, Television Exhibitions, Barry Flanagan, Gilbert and George, Hamish Fulton, and Richard Long. 'Art in the Seventies. Open 80' exhibition with works by Roger Ackling, Tony Cragg, and Leonard McComb.
• 1982 â€" Works by Barry Flanagan. 'Aperto 82' exhibition with works by Catherine Blacker, Stephen Cox, Antony Gormley, Tim Head, Shirazeh Houshiary, Anish Kapoor, Christopher Le Brun, Judy Pfaff, Stephen Willats, and Bill Woodrow. 'Arte come arte: persistenza dell’opera â€" Mostra internazionale' exhibition with works by Frank Auerbach, Lucian Freud, Ronald Kitaj, and Raymond Mason.
• 1984 â€" Works by Howard Hodgkin. 'Arte allo Specchio' exhibition with works by Peter Greenaway and Christopher Le Brun. 'Arte, Ambiente, Scena' exhibition with works by Judy Pfaff. 'Aperto 84' exhibition with works by Terry Atkinson, Helen Chadwick, Rose Garrard, Glenys Johnson, Paul Richards, Amikam Toren, and Kerry Treng.
• 1986 â€" Works by Frank Auerbach (Commissioner: Henry Meyric Hughes). 'Aperto 86' exhibition with works by Lisa Milroy, John Murphy, Avis Newman, Jacqueline Poncelet, Boyd Webb, and Richard Wilson. 'Art e Scienza' exhibition with works by Eric Bainbridge, Alastair Brotchie, Anthony Caro, Leonora Carrington, Ithell Colquhoun, Stephen Cox, Tony Cragg, Neil Cummings, Brian Eno, Barry Flanagan, Jeremy Gardiner, Eric Gidney, Jocelyn Godwin, Anthony Gormley, Paul Hayward, Allen Jones, Liliane Lijn, Peter Lowe, Kyeran Lyons, Conroy Maddox, Thomas Major, Kenneth Martin, Mary Martin, Alastair Morton, Hugh O'Donnell, Andrew Owens, Digital Pictures, Mike Punt, Bridget Riley, Kurt Schwitters, Peter Sedgley, Jeffrey Steele, Paul Thomas, Philip West, and Alison Wilding.
• 1988 â€" Tony Cragg (Commissioner: Henry Meyric Hughes). 'Aperto 88' exhibition with works by Tony Bevan, Hannah Collins, Grenville Davey, Andy Goldsworthy, Simon Linke, Peter Nadin, and Thoms William Puckey. 'Scultori ai Giardini' exhibition with works by Lynn Chadwick, Anthony Core, Philip King, and Joe Tilson.
• 1990 â€" Anish Kapoor (Commissioner: Henry Meyric Hughes). 'Three Scottish Sculptors' exhibition with works by David Mach, Arthur Watson, and Kate Whiteford. 'Aperto 90' with works by Eric Bainbridge, David Leapman, Patrick Joseph McBride, Therese Oulton, Fiona Rae, and Anthony Wilson. 'Fluxus' exhibition with works by Braco Dimitrijevic, Brion Gysin, Dick Higgins, and Robin Page.
• 1993 â€" Richard Hamilton (Commissioner: Andrea Rose). 'Aperto 93' exhibition with works by Henry Bond, Christine Borland, Angela Bulloch, Mat Collishaw, Damien Hirst, Simon Patterson, Vong Phaophanit, Steven Pippin, Julie Roberts, and Georgina Starr. 'Punti dell'arte' exhibition with works by Anish Kapoor. 'Slittamenti' exhibition with works by Peter Greenaway and Derek Jarman. 'Macchine della pace' exhibition with works by Tony Cragg, Shirazeh Houshiary, and Julian Opie. 'La coesistenza dell'arte' exhibition with works by Braco Dimitrijevic. 'Art against Aids. Venezia 93' exhibition with works by Gilbert and George, Frank Auerbach, Tony Cragg, Richard Deacon, Shirazeh Houshiary, Anish Kapoor, Ronald Kitaj, Malcolm Morley, Ray Smith, and Rachel Whiteread. 'Tresors de Voyage' exhibition with works by Braco Dimitrijevic, Shirazeh Houshiary, and Anish Kapoor.
• 1995 â€" Works by Leon Kossoff. 'General Release: Young British Artists' exhibition with works by Fiona Banner, Dinos Chapman, Jake Chapman, Adam Chodzko, Matthew Dalziel, and Louise Scullion, Cerith Wyn Evans, Elizabeth Wright, Tacita Dean, Lucy Gunning, Sam Taylor-Wood, Jane and Louise Wilson, Jaki Irvine, Gary Hume, Douglas Gordan, Tom Gidley, and Ceal Floyer.
• 1997 â€" Rachel Whiteread (Commissioner: Andrea Rose)
• 1999 â€" Paintings by Gary Hume (Commissioner: Andrea Rose)
• 2001 â€" Mark Wallinger (Commissioner: Andrea Rose; curator: Ann Gallagher)
• 2003 â€" Chris Ofili (Commissioner: Andrea Rose; curator: Colin Ledwith)
• 2005 â€" Gilbert and George (Commissioner: Andrea Rose; curator: Richard Riley)
• 2007 â€" Tracey Emin (Commissioner: Andrea Rose)
• 2009 â€" Video installation by Steve McQueen
• 2011 â€" Mike Nelson (Commissioner: Andrea Rose; curator: Richard Riley)
• 2013 â€" Jeremy Deller (Curator: Emma Gifford-Mead)
• 2015 â€" Sarah Lucas (Curator: Emma Gifford-Mead)

Greece

Designed by Brenno Del Giudice, M. Papandre, 1934. In 1934, after the Biennale had organised a second exhibition in Athens (1993) â€" Greece officially took part for the first time in the Venice exhibition. The exhibitions at the pavilion are commissioned by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

List of exhibitors in the Greek Pavilion:

Artists:

• 1936 â€" Maria Anagnostopoulou, Umberto Argyros, Constantinos Artemis, Nicolas Asprogerakas (Commissioner: Typaldo Forestis)
• 1936 â€" Konstantinos Maleas, Nikolaos Lytras, C. Stefanopoulo Alessandridi, Umberto Argyros, Aglae Papa (Commissioner: Typaldo Forestis)
• 1938 â€" Constantin Parthenis, Michalis Tombros, Angelos Theodoropoulos (Commissioners: Antonios Benakis, Typaldo Forestis)
• 1940 â€" Aginor Asteriadis, Yannis Mitarakis, Pavlos Rodokanakis, Dimitris Vitsoris, Bella Raftopoulou, Costis Papachristopoulos, George Zongolopoulos, Dimitrios Ghianoukakis, Alexandros Korogiannakis, Efthimios Papadimitriou
• 1950 â€" Bouzianis Giorgos
• 1976 â€" Michael Michaeledes, Aglaia Liberaki (Commissioner: Sotiris Messinis)
• 1978 â€" Yannis Pappas (Commissioner: Sotiris Messinis)
• 1980 â€" Pavlos (Dionysopoulos) (Commissioners: Sotiris Messinis, Emmanuel Mavrommatis)
• 1982 â€" Diamantis Diamantopoulos, Costas Coulentianos (Commissioner: Sotiris Messinis)
• 1984 â€" Christos Caras, George Georgiadis (Commissioner: Sotiris Messinis)
• 1986 â€" Costas Tsoclis (Commissioners: Nelli Missirli, Sotiris Messinis)
• 1988 â€" Vlassis Caniaris, Nikos Kessanlis (Commissioner: Emmanuel Mavrommatis)
• 1990 â€" Georges Lappas, Yannis Bouteas (Commissioner: Manos Stefanidis)
• 1993 â€" George Zongolopoulos (Commissioner: Efi Andreadi)
• 1995 â€" Takis (Commissioner: Maria Marangou)
• 1997 â€" Dimitri Alithinos, Stephen Antonakos, Totsikas, Alexandros Psychoulis (Commissioner: Efi Strousa)
• 1999 â€" Costas Varotsos, Danae Stratou, Evanthia Tsantila (Commissioner: Anna Kafetsi)
• 2001 â€" Nikos Navridis, Ilias Papailiakis, Ersi Chatziargyrou (Commissionner: Lina Tsikouta)
• 2003 â€" Athanasia Kyriakakos, Dimitris Rotsios (Commissioner: Marina Fokidis)
• 2005 â€" George Hadjimichalis (Commissioner: Katerina Koskina)
• 2007 â€" Nikos Alexiou (Commissioner: Yorgos Tzirtzilakis)
• 2009 â€" Lucas Samaras (Curator: Matthew Higgs)
• 2011 â€" Diohandi (Curator: Maria Marangou)
• 2013 â€" Stefanos Tsivopoulos (Curator: Syrago Tsiara)

Hong Kong

List of exhibitors in the Hong Kong Pavilion:

• 2009 â€" Pak Sheung Chuen (Curator: Tobias Berger)
• 2011 â€" Kwok Mang-ho (known as Frog King)
• 2013 â€" Lee Kit (Curators: Lars Nittve, Yung Ma)
• 2015 â€" Tsang Kin-wah (Curators: Doryun Chong, Stella Fong)

Hungary

Designed by Géza Rintel Maróti, 1909 (restored by Agost Benkhard, 1958).

List of exhibitors in the Hungarian Pavilion:

• 1968 â€" Ignác Kokas, Béla Kondor, Tibor Vilt
• 1982 â€" Erzsébet Schaár (Commissioner: Géza Csorba)
• 1984 â€" Imre Varga, György Vadász (Commissioner: Géza Csorba)
• 1986 â€" Imre Bak, Ákos Birkás, Károly Kelemen, István Nádler (Commissioner: Katalin Néray)
• 1988 â€" Imre Bukta, Sándor Pinczehelyi, Géza Samu (Commissioner: Katalin Néray)
• 1990 â€" László Fehér (Commissioner: Katalin Néray)
• 1993 â€" Joseph Kosuth, Viktor Lois (Commissioner: Katalin Keserü)
• 1995 â€" György Jovánovics (Commissioner: Márta Kovalovszky)
• 1997 â€" Róza El-Hassan, Judit Herskó, Éva Köves (Commissioner: Katalin Néray)
• 1999 â€" Imre Bukta, Emese Benczúr, Attila Csörgö, Gábor Erdélyi, Mariann Imre (Curator: János Sturcz)
• 2001 â€" Antal Lakner, Tamás Komoróczky (Curator: Júlia Fabényi, Barnabás Bencsik)
• 2003 â€" Little Warsaw (András Gálik, Bálint Havas) (Curator: Zsolt Petrányi)
• 2005 â€" Balázs Kicsiny (Curator: Péter Fitz)
• 2007 â€" Andreas Fogarasi (Curator: Katalin Timár)
• 2009 â€" Péter Forgács (Curator: András Rényi)
• 2011 â€" Hajnal Németh (Curator: Miklós Peternák)
• 2013 â€" Zsolt Asztalos (Curator: Gabriella Uhl)

Iceland

In 1984, as Finland had joined Norway and Sweden in the Nordic Pavilion, Iceland was given the opportunity to rent the Finnish pavilion until 2006. The Icelandic Art Center commissions the Icelandic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale.

List of exhibitors in the Icelandish Pavilion:

• 1960 â€" Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval, Ásmundur Sveinsson
• 1972 â€" Svavar Guðnason, Þorvaldur Skúlason
• 1980 â€" Magnús Pálsson
• 1982 â€" Gunnar Árnason, Kristján Guðmundsson
• 1984 â€" Kristján Davidsson
• 1986 â€" Erró
• 1988 â€" Gunnar Örn
• 1990 â€" Helgi Thorgils Frídjónsson
• 1995 â€" Birgir Andrésson
• 1997 â€" Steina Vasulka
• 1999 â€" Sigurdur Árni Sigurdsson
• 2001 â€" Finnbogi Pétursson
• 2003 â€" Rúrí
• 2005 â€" Gabríela Fridriksdóttir
• 2007 â€" Steingrimur Eyfjörd (Curator: Hanna Styrmisdóttir)
• 2009 â€" Ragnar Kjartansson (Curators: Markús Thór Andrésson, Dorothée Kirch)
• 2011 â€" Libia Castro & Ã"lafur Ã"lafsson (Curator: Ellen Blumenstein)
• 2013 â€" Katrin Sigurdardottir (Curators: Mary Ceruti, Ilaria Bonacossa)

India

In 2011, India was featured for the first time after 116 years, with the support of the culture ministry and the organizational participation of the Lalit Kala Akademi. Biennale organizers have reportedly invited the country to participate in past years, but the government has declined until now â€" a decision attributed to a lack of communication between the culture ministry and the country's National Gallery of Modern Art.

• 2011 â€" Mriganka Madhukaliya, Sonal Jain, Zarina Hashmi, Gigi Scaria, Praneet Soi (Curator: Ranjit Hoskote)
• 2015 â€" Shilpa Gupta, Rashid Rana [Exhibition is jointly held with Pakistan]

Iraq

In 2011, Iraq returned to the Biennale for the first time after a 35-year absence. The title of the Iraq Pavilion was "Acqua Ferita" (translated as "Wounded Water"). Six important Iraqi artists from two generations interpreted the theme of water in their works, which made up the exhibition.

• 2011 â€" Adel Abidin, Halim Al Karim, Ahmed Alsoudani, Ali Assaf, Azad Nanakeli, Walid Siti

website: www.pavilionofiraq.org

• 2015 â€" Philippe Van Cauteren

Ireland

List of exhibitors in the Irish Pavilion:

• 1950 â€" Norah McGuinness, Nano Reid
• 1956 â€" Louis le Brocquy, Hilary Heron
• 1960 â€" Patrick Scott
• 1993 â€" Dorothy Cross, Willie Doherty
• 1995 â€" Kathy Prendergast
• 1997 â€" Jaki Irvine, Alistair McLennan
• 1999 â€" Anne Tallentire
• 2001 â€" Siobhan Hapaska, Grace Weir
• 2003 â€" Katie Holten (Commissioner: Valerie Connor)
• 2005 â€" Stephen Brandes, Mark Garry, Ronan McCrea, Isabel Nolan, Sarah Pierce, Walker and Walker (Commissioner: Sarah Glennie)
• 2007 â€" Gerard Byrne (Commissioner: Mike Fitzpatrick)
• 2009 â€" Sarah Browne, Gareth Kennedy, Kennedy Browne
• 2011 â€" Corban Walker (Commissioner: Emily-Jane Kirwan)
• 2013 â€" Richard Mosse (Commissioner: Anna O'Sullivan)
• 2015 â€" Sean Lynch

Israel

Designed by Zeev Rechter, 1952 (modified by Fredrik Fogh, 1966). Somewhat unusual in the Giardini, the pavilion has three exhibition floors.

Partial list of exhibitors at the Israeli Pavilion:

• 1982 â€" Tamar Getter, Michal Na'aman
• 1986 â€" Nubani Ibrahim
• 1988 â€" Zadok Ben-David
• 1990 â€" Ya'acov Dorchin
• 1993 â€" Avital Geva
• 1995 â€" Joshua Neustein, Uri Tzaig (Curator: Gideon Ofrat)
• 1997 â€" Yossi Berger, Miriam Cabessa, Sigalit Landau
• 2001 â€" Uri Katzenstein (Curator: Yigal Zalmona)
• 2003 â€" Michal Rovner
• 2005 â€" Guy Ben-Ner (Curator: Sergio Edelzstein)
• 2007 â€" Yehudit Sasportas (Curator: Suzanne Landau)
• 2009 â€" Raffi Lavie (Curator: Doreet LeVitte Harten)
• 2011 â€" Sigalit Landau (Curators: Jean de Loisy, Ilan Wizga)
• 2013 â€" Gilad Ratman (Curator: Sergio Edelstein)

Italy

"Palazzo Pro Arte": Enrico Trevisanato, façade by Marius De Maria and Bartholomeo Bezzi, 1895; new façade by Guido Cirilli, 1914; "Padiglione Italia", present façade by Duilio Torres, 1932. The pavilion has a sculpture garden by Carlo Scarpa, 1952 and the "Auditorium Pastor" by Valeriano Pastor, 1977.

Partial list of exhibitors at the Italian Pavilion:

• 1895 â€" Giuseppe Ferrari
• 1905 â€" Giuseppe Ferrari
• 1912 â€" Aldo Carpi
• 1922 â€" Giuseppe Ferrari (posthumus)
• 1934 â€" Aldo Carpi, Carlo Martini
• 1936 â€" Aldo Carpi, Carlo Martini, Quinto Martini
• 1942 â€" Aldo Carpi, Trento Longaretti
• 1948 â€" Aldo Carpi, Trento Longaretti, Carlo Martini
• 1950 â€" Aldo Carpi, Trento Longaretti, Carlo Martini
• 1966 â€" Ferruccio Bortoluzzi, Trento Longaretti
• 1968 â€" Maurizio Nannucci, Maurizio Mochetti, Eliseo Mattiacci, Paolo Masi, Enzo Mari
• 1990 â€" Davide Benati, Gino De Dominicis, Nicola De Maria, Luigi Mainolfi, Giuseppe Maraniello, Carlo Maria Mariani, Claudio Olivieri (curators: Laura Cherubini, Flaminio Gualdoni, Lea Vergine)
• 1993 â€" Francesco Clemente, Luciano Fabbro, Emilio Isgrò, Sergio Fermariello, Fabio Mauri, Eugenio Miccini, Hidetoshi Nagasawa, Luisa Protti, Franco Vaccari (curator: Achille Bonito Oliva)
• 1995 â€" Lorenzo Bonechi, Ida Cadorin Barbarigo, Roberto Capucci, Francesco Clemente, Amalia Del Ponte, Stefano Di Stasio, Paolo Gallerani, Paola Gandolfi, Nunzio, Luigi Ontani, Claudio Parmiggiani, Gianni Pisani, Pier Luigi Pizzi, Angelo Savelli, Ruggero Savino, Ettore Spalletti, Vito Tongiani, Mino Trafeli, Giuliano Vangi (curator: Jean Clair)
• 1997 â€" Maurizio Cattelan, Enzo Cucchi, Ettore Spalletti (Curator: Germano Celant)
• 1999 â€" Monica Bonvicini, Bruna Esposito, Luisa Lambri, Paola Pivi, Grazia Toderi (Curator: Harald Szeemann)
• 2001 â€" Alighiero Boetti, Barry McGee, Todd James, Steve Powers (Curators: Pio Baldi, Paolo Colombo, Sandra Pinto)
• 2003 â€" Charles Avery, Avish Khebrehzadeh, Sara Rossi, Carola Spadoni. (curators: Pio Baldi, Monica Pignatti Morano and Paolo Colombo). A12, Alessandra Ariatti, Micol Assaël, Diego Perrone, Patrick Tuttofuoco, Zimmer Frei (curator: Massimiliano Gioni)
• 2005 â€" Carolina Antich, Manfredi Beninati, Loris Cecchini, Lara Favaretto. (curators: Pio Baldi, Monica Pignatti Morano and Paolo Colombo)
• 2007 â€" Giuseppe Penone, Francesco Vezzoli. (curator: Ida Gianelli)
• 2009 â€" Matteo Basilé, Manfredi Beninati, Valerio Berruti, Bertozzi & Casoni, Nicola Bolla, Sandro Chia, Marco Cingolani, Giacomo Costa, Aron Demetz, Roberto Floreani, Daniele Galliano, Marco Lodola, MASBEDO, Gian Marco Montesano, Davide Nido, Luca Pignatelli, Elisa Sighicelli, Sissi, Nicola Verlato, Silvio Wolf. (curators: Luca Beatrice and Beatrice Buscaroli)
• 2011 â€" L'Arte non è Cosa Nostra, a group show with 250 artists, including Vanessa Beecroft, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Roberto Ferri and Rabarama (Curator: Vittorio Sgarbi)
• 2013 â€" Francesco Arena, Massimo Bartolini, Gianfranco Baruchello, Elisabetta Benassi, Flavio Favelli, Luigi Ghirri, Piero Golia, Francesca Grilli, Marcello Maloberti, Fabio Mauri, Giulio Paolini, Marco Tirelli, Luca Vitone, Sislej Xhafa (Curator: Bartolomeo Pietromarchi)
• 2015 â€" TBC (curator: Vincenzo Trione)

Japan

Designed by Takamasa Yoshizaka, 1956. Japan has the longest history at the Venice Biennale compared to any other Asian nation.

List of exhibitors in the Japanese Pavilion:

• 1952 â€" Taikan Yokoyama, Kokei Kobayashi, Kiyotaka Kaburaki, Heihachiro Fukuda, Kyujin Yamamoto, Kenji Yoshioka, Sotaro Yasui, Shinsen Tokuoka, Ryuzaburo Umehara, Ichiro Fukuzawa, Kigai Kawaguchi
• 1954 â€" Hanjiro Sakamoto, Taro Okamoto
• 1956 â€" Kunitaro Suda, Kazu Wakita, Takeo Yamaguchi, Shigeru Ueki, Toyoichi Yamamoto, Shiko Munakata
• 1958 â€" Ichiro Fukuzawa, Kawabata Ryushi, Seison Maeda, Kenzo Okada, Yoshi Kinouchi, Shindo Tsuji
• 1960 â€" Toshimitsu Imai, Yoshishige Saito, Kei Sato, Kaoru Yamaguchi, Tadahiro Ono, Tomonori Toyofuku, Yoshitatsu Yanagihara, Yozo Hamaguchi
• 1962 â€" Kinuko Emi, Minoru Kawabata, Kumi Sugai, Tadashi Sugimata, Ryokichi Mukai
• 1964 â€" Yoshishige Saito, Toshinobu Onosato, Hisao Domoto, Tomonori Toyofuku
• 1966 â€" Toshinobu Onosato, Masuo Ikeda, Morio Shinoda, Ay-O
• 1968 â€" Tomio Miki, Kumi Sugai, Jiro Takamatsu, Katsuhiro Yamaguchi
• 1970 â€" Nobuo Sekine
• 1972 â€" Kenji Usami, Shintaro Tanaka
• 1976 â€" Kishin Shinoyama
• 1978 â€" Koji Enokura, Kishio Suga
• 1980 â€" Koji Enokura, Susumu Koshimizu, Isamu Wakabayashi
• 1982 â€" Naoyoshi Hikosaka, Yoshio Kitayama, Tadashi Kawamata
• 1984 â€" Kosho Ito, Kyoji Takubo, Kosai Hori
• 1986 â€" Isamu Wakabayashi, Masafumi Maita
• 1988 â€" Shigeo Toya, Keiji Umematsu, Katsura Funakoshi
• 1990 â€" Toshikatsu Endo, Saburo Muraoka
• 1993 â€" Yayoi Kusama
• 1995 â€" Katsuhiko Hibino, Yoichiro Kawaguchi, Hiroshi Senju, Jae Eun Choi
• 1997 â€" Rei Naito
• 2003 â€" Yutaka Sone, Motohiko Odani
• 2005 â€" Ishiuchi Miyako
• 2007 â€" Masao Okabe (Commissioner: Chihiro Minato)
• 2009 â€" Miwa Yanagi
• 2011 â€" Tabaimo (Curator: Yuka Uematsu)
• 2013 â€" Koki Tanaka (Curator: Mike Kuraya)
• 2015 â€" Chiharu Shiota (Curator: Hitoshi Nakano)

Republic of Kosovo

List of exhibitors in the Kosovo Pavilion:

• 2013 â€" Petrit Halilaj (Curator: Kathrin Rhonberg, commissioner: Erzen Shkololli)

Kuwait

List of exhibitors in the Kuwait Pavilion:

• 2013 â€" "National Works" featuring works by Sami Mohammad and Tarek Al-Ghoussein (Curator: Ala Younis, Commissioner: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters)

Lebanon

Lebanon was present at the Biennale for the first time in 2007. After being absent in 2009 and 2011, it is coming back in 2013.

• 2007 â€" Foreword: Fouad Elkoury, Lamia Joreige, Walid Sadek, Mounira Al Solh and Akram Zaatari (Curators: Saleh Barakat, Sandra Dagher)
• 2013 â€" Akram Zaatari (Curators: Sam Bardaouil, Till Fellrath)

Luxembourg

The Cà del Duca, situated on the Canale Grande, has been the site for Luxembourg's participations in the Venice Biennale since 1999.

List of exhibitors in the Luxembourg Pavilion:

• 1999 â€" Simone Decker
• 2003 â€" Su-Mei Tse
• 2007 â€" Jill Mercedes
• 2009 â€" Gast Bouschet, Nadine Hilbert
• 2011 â€" Martine Feipel, Jean Bechameil (Curator: René Kockelkorn)
• 2013 â€" Catherine Lorent
• 2015 â€" Filip Markiewicz (Curator: Paul Ardenne)

Macao

List of exhibitors in the Macao Pavilion:

• 2015 â€" Mio Pang Fei

Macedonia

List of exhibitors in the Republic of Macedonia Pavilion:

• 1993 â€" Gligor Stefanov and Petre Nikoloski
• 1997 â€" Aneta Svetieva
• 1999 â€" Iskra Dimitrova
• 2001 â€" Javon Sumkovski
• 2003 â€" Zaneta Bangeli and Vana Urosebic
• 2005 â€" Antoni Maznevski
• 2007 â€" Blagoja Manevski
• 2009 â€" Nikola Uzunovski and Goce Nanevski
• 2011 â€" Zarko Basevski and ZERO
• 2013 â€" Elpida Hadzi-Vasileva

Maldives

The Maldives Pavilion was introduced in 2013. List of exhibitors in the Maldives Pavilion:

• 2013 â€" Mohamed Ali, Sama Alshaibi, Ursula Biemann, Stefano Cagol, Wael Darwesh, Moomin Fouad, Thierry Geoffrey (aka Colonel), Khaled Hafez, Heidrun Holzfeind & Christoph Draeger, Hanna Husberg, Laura McLean & Kalliopi Tsipni-Kolaza, Achilleas Kentonis & Maria Papacaharalambous, Paul Miller (aka DJ Spooky), Gregory Niemeyer, Khaled Ramada, Oliver Ressler, Klaus Schafler, Patrizio Travagli, Wooloo (Sixten Kai Nielsen and Martin Rosengaard), (Curators CPS â€" Chamber of Public Secrets: Alfredo Cramerotti, Aida Eltorie, Khaled Ramadan)

Netherlands

In 1914, the Swedish Pavilion, designed by Gustav Ferdninand Boberg, was handed over to the Netherlands. In 1954 the Dutch pavilion was demolished and reconstructed on the same site, designed by Gerrit Thomas Rietveld in 1954.

Since 1995, the Mondriaan Foundation has been responsible for the Dutch entry at the Biennale di Venezia, appointing a curator for each entry.

Dutch artists and curators of previous editions:

• 1956 â€" Constant, Bart van der Leck, Piet Mondriaan, André Volten
• 1964 â€" Karel Appel, Lucebert, J. Mooy
• 1966 â€" Constant Nieuwenhuys with paintings, sculptures, New Babylon objects, watercolors and drawings
• 1968 â€" Carel Visser
• 1982 â€" Stanley Brouwn
• 1986 â€" Reinier Lucassen
• 1988 â€" Henk Visch
• 1990 â€" Rob Scholte
• 1993 â€" Niek Kemps
• 1995 â€" Marlene Dumas, Maria Roosen, Marijke van Warmerdam (Curator: Chris Dercon)
• 1997 â€" Aernout Mik, Willem Oorebeek (Curators: Leontine Coelewij, Arno van Roosmalen)
• 1999 â€" Daan van Golden (Curator: Karel Schampers)
• 2001 â€" Liza May Post (Curator: Jaap Guldemond)
• 2003 â€" Carlos Amorales, Alicia Framis, Meschac Gaba, Jeanne van Heeswijk, Erik van Lieshout (Curator: Rein Wolfs)
• 2005 â€" Jeroen De Rijke / Willem de Rooij (Curator: Martijn van Nieuwenhuyzen)
• 2007 â€" Aernout Mik (Curator Maria Hlavajova)
• 2009 â€" Fiona Tan (Curator: Saskia Bos)
• 2011 â€" Barbara Visser, Ernst van der Hoeven, Herman Verkerk, Johannes Schwartz, Joke Robaard, Maureen Mooren, Paul Kuipers, Sanneke van Hassel, Yannis Kyriakides (Curator: Guus Beumer)
• 2013 â€" Mark Manders (Curator: Lorenzo Benedetti)
• 2015 â€" Herman de Vries (Curators: Colin Huizing, Cees de Boer)

New Zealand

List of exhibitors in the New Zealand Pavilion:

• 2001 â€" Peter Robinson and Jacqueline Fraser (Curator: Gregory Burke)
• 2003 â€" Michael Stevenson (Curators: Robert Leonard and Boris Kremer)
• 2005 â€" et al. (Curator: Natasha Conland)
• 2007 â€" no participation
• 2009 â€" Judy Millar (Curator: Leonhard Emmerling) and Francis Upritchard (Curators: Heather Galbraith and Francesco Manacorda)
• 2011 â€" Michael Parekowhai
• 2013 â€" Bill Culbert (Curator: Justin Paton)
• 2015 â€" Simon Denny (Curator: Robert Leonard)

The Nordic Countries

Designed by Sverre Fehn, 1962 (small annex built by Fredrik Fogh, 1987).

The cooperation between Finland, Norway and Sweden in Venice was initiated in 1962 after the completion of the Nordic Pavilion. Until 1984, the representation of each country was organized nationally. From 1986 to 2009 the pavilion was commissioned as a whole, with the curatorial responsibility alternating between the collaborating countries. From 2011 the cooperation has been temporarily discontinued. In a trial period lasting from 2011 until 2015, the pavilion will be used for a national presentation by Sweden in 2011, Finland in 2013 and Norway in 2015.

List of exhibitors in the Nordic Pavilion:

• 1962 â€" FINLAND: Ahti Lavonen, Kain Tapper, Esko Tirronen; NORWAY: Rolf Nesch, Knut Rumohr; SWEDEN: Siri Derkert, Per Olof Ulltvedt
• 1964 â€" FINLAND: Ina Colliander, Simo Hannula, Pentti Kaskipuro, Laila Pullinen; NORWAY: Hannah Ryggen; SWEDEN: Torsten Andersson, Martin Holmgren, Torsten Renqvist
• 1966 â€" FINLAND: Heikki Häiväoja, Harry Kivijärvi, Sam Vanni; NORWAY: Jakob Weidemann; SWEDEN: Öyvind Fahlström
• 1968 â€" FINLAND: Mauno Hartman, Kimmo Kaivanto, Ahti Lavonen; NORWAY: Gunnar S. Gundersen; SWEDEN: Sivert Lindblom, Arne Jones
• 1970 â€" FINLAND: Juhani Linnovaara; NORWAY: Arnold Haukeland; SWEDEN: Did not participate
• 1972 â€" FINLAND: Harry Kivijärvi, Pentti Lumikangas; NORWAY: Arne Ekeland; SWEDEN: Did not participate
• 1976 â€" FINLAND: Mikko Jalavisto, Tapio Junno, Kimmo Kaivanto, Ulla Rantanen; NORWAY: Boge Berg, Steinar Christensen/Kristian Kvakland, Arvid Pettersen; SWEDEN: ARARAT (Alternative Research in Architecture, Resources, Art and Technology)
• 1978 â€" FINLAND: Olavi Lanu; NORWAY: Frans Widerberg; SWEDEN: Lars Englund
• 1980 â€" FINLAND: Matti Kujasalo; NORWAY: Knut Rose; SWEDEN: Ola Billgren, Jan HÃ¥fström
• 1982 â€" FINLAND: Juhana Blomstedt; NORWAY: Synnøve Anker Aurdal; SWEDEN: Ulrik Samuelson
• 1984 â€" FINLAND: Kain Tapper, Carl-Erik Ström; NORWAY: Bendik Riis; SWEDEN: Curt Asker
• 1986 â€" "Techne": BÃ¥rd Breivik (NO), Marianne Heske (NO), Olli Lyytikäinen (FI), Kjell Ohlin (SE), Erik H. Olson (SE), Silja Rantanen (FI), Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd (SE), Osmo Valtonen (FI) (Curator: Mats B.)
• 1988 â€" Per Inge Bjørlo (NO), Rolf Hanson (SE), Jukka Mäkelä (FI) (Curator: Maaretta Jaukkuri, FI)
• 1990 â€" "Cavén, Barclay, HÃ¥fström": Per Barclay (NO), Kari Cavén (FI), Jan HÃ¥fström (SE) (Curator: Per Hovdenakk, NO)
• 1993 â€" Jussi Niva (FI), Truls Melin (SE), Bente Stokke (NO) (Curator: Lars Nittve, SE)
• 1995 â€" Eva Løfdahl (SE), Per Maning (NO), Nina Roos (FI) (Curator: Timo Valjakka, FI)
• 1997 â€" "Naturally Artificial": Henrik HÃ¥kansson (SE), Mark Dion (US), Marianna Uutininen (FI), Mariko Mori (JP), Sven PÃ¥hlsson (NO) (Curator: Jon-Ove Steihaug, NO)
• 1999 â€" "End of a Story": Annika von Hausswolff (SE), Knut Ã…sdam (NO), Eija-Liisa Ahtila (FI). (Curator: John Peter Nilsson, SE)
• 2001 â€" "The North is Protected": Leif Elggren (SE), Tommi Grönlund/Petteri Nisunen (FI), Carl Michael von Hausswolff (SE), Anders Tomren (NO) (Curators: Grönlund/Nisunen, FI)
• 2003 â€" "Devil-May-Care": Karin Mamma Andersson (SE), Kristina Bræin (NO), Liisa Luonila (FI) (Curators: Anne Karin Jortveit and Andrea Kroksnes, NO)
• 2005 â€" "Sharing Space Dividing Time": Miriam Bäckström and Carsten Höller (SE/DE), Matias Faldbakken (NO) (Curator: Ã…sa Nacking, SE)
• 2007 â€" "Welfare â€" Fare Well": Adel Abidin (IQ/FI), Jacob Dahlgren (SE), Lars Ramberg (NO), Toril Goksøyr & Camilla Martens (NO), Sirous Namazi (SE), Maaria Wirkkala FI (Curator: René Block, DE)
• 2009 â€" "The Collectors" (in collaboration with the Danish Pavilion): Elmgreen and Dragset, Klara Lidén (SE), Wolfgang Tillmans (DE) and others. (Curators: Elmgreen & Dragset, DK/NO)
• 2011 â€" SWEDEN: Fia Backström, Andreas Eriksson (Curator: Magnus af Petersens)
• 2013 â€" FINLAND: Terike Haapoja (Curators: Mika Elo, Marko Karo, Harri Laakso)
• 2015 â€" NORWAY: Camille Norment (Curator: Katya García-Antón)

Northern Ireland

List of exhibitors in the Northern Ireland Pavilion:

• 2005 â€" "The Nature of Things", group show with Patrick Bloomer, Patrick Keogh, Ian Charlesworth, Factotum, Séamus Harahan, Michael Hogg, Sandra Johnston, Mary McIntyre, Katrina Moorhead, William McKeown, Darren Murray, Aisling O’Beirn, Peter Richards and Alistair Wilson (curator: Hugh Mulholland)
• 2007 â€" Willie Doherty (Curator: Hugh Mulholland)
• 2009 â€" Susan MacWilliam (Curator: Karen Downey)

Philippines

List of exhibitors in the Philippines Pavilion:

• 1964 â€" Jose Joya

Poland

List of exhibitors in the Polish Pavilion:

• 1993 â€" MirosÅ‚aw BaÅ‚ka
• 1999 â€" Katarzyna Kozyra
• 2003 â€" StanisÅ‚aw Dróżdż
• 2005 â€" Artur Å»mijewski
• 2007 â€" Monika Sosnowska (Curator: Sebastian Cichocki)
• 2009 â€" Krzysztof Wodiczko (Curator: Bozena Czubak)
• 2011 â€" Yael Bartana (Curators: Sebastian Cichocki, Galit Eilat)
• 2013 â€" Konrad Smolenski (Curators: Agnieszka Pindera, Daniel Muzyczuk)

Russia

Designed by Alexey Shchusev in 1914. In 1922, 1938â€"1954, and 1978â€"1980 pavilion was closed. In both 1926 and 1936 Russian pavilion hosted exhibition of Italian Futurism curated by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

List of exhibitors in the Russian Pavilion:

• 1914 â€" Group exhibition of 68 artists, including Leon Bakst, Isaak Brodsky, Mikhail Vrubel, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Boris Kustodiev
• 1920 â€" Group exhibition of 20 artists, including Aleksandr Arсhipenko, Marianne von Werefkin, Natalia Goncharova, Boris Grigoriev, Mikhail Larionov, Dmitry Stelletsky, Alexej von Jawlensky
• 1924 â€" Group exhibition of 97 artists, including Nathan Altman, Lev Bruni, Igor Grabar, Boris Kustodiev, Aristarkh Lentulov, Kazimir Malevich, Mikhail Matyushin, Ilya Mashkov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Lyubov Popova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Robert Falk, Vassily Chekrygin, Sergei Chekhonin, David Shterenberg, Alexandra Ekster
• 1928 â€" Group exhibition of 72 artists, including Nathan Altman, Abram Arkhipov, Aleksandr Deineka, Petr Kontchalovsky, Elizaveta Kruglikova, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Yuri Pimenov, Robert Falk
• 1930 â€" Group exhibition of 47 artists, including Aleksandr Deineka, Aleksandr Labas, Aristarkh Lentulov, Yuri Pimenov, David Schterenberg
• 1932 â€" Group exhibition of 49 artists, including Isaak Brodsky, Aleksandr Deineka, Petr Konchalovsky, Aleksandr Labas, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Yuri Pimenov, David Schterenberg
• 1934 â€" Group exhibition of 23 artists, including Isaak Brodsky, Aleksandr Deineka, Vera Mukhina, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin
• 1956 â€" Group exhibition of 72 artists, including Igor Grabar, Aleksandr Deineka, Boris Ioganson, Petr Konchalovsky, Pavel Korin, Ilya Mashkov, Vera Mukhina, Georgy Nissky, Yuri Pimenov, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Semen Chuikov, Kukryniksy
• 1958 â€" Group exhibition of 17 artists, including Evgeny Vuchetich, Sergej Gerasimov, Kukryniksy, Georgy Nissky, Yuri Pimenov, Arkady Plastov
• 1960 â€" Group exhibition of 22 artists, including Aleksandr Deineka, Kukryniksy, Dmitry Moor, Vera Mukhina, Andrey Mylnikov, Georgy Nissky (Commissioner: Irina Antonova)
• 1962 â€" Group exhibition of 12 artists, including Mikhail Anikushin, Sergey Konenkov, Geliy Korzhev, Viktor Popkov, Tair Salakhov (Commissioner: Larissa Salmina)
• 1964 â€" Group exhibition of 42 artists, including Aleksandr Deineka, Pavel Korin, Evsey Moiseenko, Vladimir Stozharov, Evgeny Vuchetich
• 1966 â€" Group exhibition of 26 artists, including Vladimir Stozharov, Dmitry Zhilinsky
• 1968 â€" Group exhibition of 15 artists, including Dmitry Bisti, Arkady Plastov, Yuri Vasnetsov
• 1970 â€" Nikolay Andreev, Aleksandr Deineka
• 1972 â€" Group exhibition of 31 artists, including Evsey Moiseenko, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Nikolay Tomsky
• 1976 â€" Group exhibition of 45 artists, including Georgy Nissky, Yuri Pimenov, Tair Salakhov, Vladimir Stozharov
• 1977 â€" Group exhibition of 99 artists in frames of Biennale of Dissident, including Erik Bulatov, Ilya Kabakov, Andrey Monastyrsky, Oskar Rabin, Oleg Vasiliev, Anatoly Zverev
• 1982 â€" Group exhibition of 32 artists, including Tatiana Nazarenko, Viktor Popkov, Dmitry Zhilinsky
• 1984 â€" Group exhibition of 6 artists, including Nikolay Akimov, Aleksandr Tyshler
• 1986 â€" Group exhibition of 23 artists, including Dmitry Bisti, Vladimir Favorsky
• 1988 â€" Aristarkh Lentulov
• 1990 â€" Group exhibition of 7 artists, including Evgeny Mitta, Robert Rauschenberg, Aidan Salakhova
• 1993 â€" Ilya Kabakov
• 1995 â€" Evgeny Ass, Dmitry Gutov, Vadim Fishkin (Commissioner: Victor Misiano)
• 1997 â€" Maksim Kantor (Commissioner: Konstantin Bokhorov; curator: Yury Nikich)
• 1999 â€" Sergey Bugaev (Afrika), Vitaly Komar & Aleksandr Melamid (Commissioner: Konstantin Bokhorov; curators: Olesya Turkina, Joseph Bakshtein)
• 2001 â€" Leonid Sokov, Olga Chernyshova, Sergey Shutov (Commissioner: Leonid Bazhanov; curator: Ekaterina Degot)
• 2003 â€" Sergey Bratkov, Aleksandr Vinogradov & Vladimir Dubossarsky, Konstantin Zvezdochetov, Valery Koshlyakov (Commissioner: Evgeny Zyablov; curator: Victor Misiano)
• 2005 â€" Provmyza group, Program 'Escape' (Commissioner: Evgeny Zyablov; curators: Olga Lopukhova, Lyubov Saprykina)
• 2007 â€" AES+F, Andrey Bartenev, Georgy Frangulian, Arseny Mescheryarov, Julia Milner, Alexandr Ponomarev (Commissioner: Vassily Tsereteli; curator: Olga Sviblova)
• 2009 â€" Alexei Kallima, Andrei Molodkine, Gosha Ostretsov, Anatoly Zhuravlev, Sergei Shekhovtsov, Irina Korina, Pavel Peppershtein (Commissioner: Vassily Tsereteli; curator: Olga Sviblova)
• 2011 â€" Andrey Monastyrsky and "Collective Actions" group (Elena Elagina, Sabina Hensgen, Igor Makarevich, Nikolai Pantikov, Sergei Romashko and others) (Commissioner: Stella Kesaeva; curator: Boris Groys)
• 2013 â€" Vadim Zakharov (Commissioner: Stella Kesaeva; curator: Udo Kittelmann)
• 2015 â€" Irina Nakhova (Commissioner: Stella Kesaeva; curator: Margarita Tupitsyn)

Singapore

List of exhibitors in the Singapore Pavilion:

• 2015 â€" Charles Lim (Curator: Shabbir Hussain Mustafa)

South Korea

Designed by Seok Chul Kim and Franco Mancuso, 1995.

South Korea has participated in the Venice Biennale since 1995. The Korean Pavilion at the Venice Biennale was the second Asian pavilion to be opened after Japan.

List of exhibitors in the South Korean Pavilion:

• 1995 â€" Yoon Hyong Keun, Kwak Hoon, Kim In Kyum, Jheon Soocheon (Commissioner: Il Lee)
• 1997 â€" Hyungwoo Lee, Ik-joong Kang (Curator: Oh Kwang Soo)
• 1999 â€" Lee Bul, Noh Sang-Kyoon (Curator: Misook Song)
• 2001 â€" Michael Joo, Do-Ho Suh (Commissioner: Kyung-mee Park)
• 2003 â€" Whang In Kie, Bahc Yiso, Chung Seoyoung (Commissioner: Kim Hong-Hee)
• 2007 â€" Hyungkoo Lee (Commissioner: Soyeon Ahn)
• 2009 â€" Haegue Yang (Commissioner: Eungie Joo)
• 2011 â€" Lee Yong-baek (Commissioner: Yun Chea-gab)
• 2013 â€" Kimsooja (Curator: Seungduk Kim)

Spain

Designed by Javier de Luque, 1922 (façade restored by Joaquin Vaquero Palacios, 1952).

List of exhibitors in the Spanish Pavilion:

• 1954 â€" Miguel Ortiz Berrocal
• 1958 â€" Eduardo Chillida
• 1984 â€" Antoni Clavé
• 1988 â€" Susana Solano
• 1993 â€" Antoni Tàpies
• 1999 â€" Manolo Valdés, Esther Ferrer (Curator: David Pérez)
• 2001 â€" Ana Laura Aláez, Javier Pérez (Curator: Estrella de Diego)
• 2003 â€" Santiago Sierra (Curator: Rosa Martínez)
• 2005 â€" Antoni Muntadas (Curator: Bartomeu Marí)
• 2007 â€" Manuel Vilariño, José Luis Guerín, "Los Torreznos", Rubén Ramos (Curator: Alberto Ruiz de Samaniego)
• 2009 â€" Miquel Barceló (Curator: Enrique Juncosa)
• 2011 â€" Dora García (Curator: Katya García-Antón)
• 2013 â€" Lara Almarcegui (Curator: Octavio Zaya)
• 2015 â€" Francesc Ruiz, Pepo Salazar, Cabello/Carceller (Curator: Martí Manen)

Switzerland

Pavillon designed by Bruno Giacometti, 1952. Between 1990 and 2009, Switzerland also used the San Stae church as exhibition venue. From 1932 until 1952 Switzerland had another pavilion, designed by Brenno Del Giudice on the island Sant'Elena.

As of 2012, Pro Helvetia has assumed responsibility for the Swiss contributions to the Venice Biennale.

List of exhibitors in the Swiss Pavilion:

• 1920 â€" Group exhibition
• 1926 â€" Group exhibition
• 1932 â€" Paul Bodmer, Numa Donzé, Augusto Giacometti, Karl Otto Hügin, Reinhold Kündig, Martin Lauterburg, Ernst Morgenthaler, Alfred Heinrich Pellegrini, Karl Geiser, Hermann Haller, Hermann Hubacher, Johann Jakob Probst, René Auberjonois, Maurice Barraud, Hans Berger, Abraham Hermanjat, Albert Carl Angst
• 1934 â€" Cuno Amiet, Hermann Haller
• 1936 â€" Aldo Patocchi, Emilio Maria Beretta, Max Uehlinger
• 1938 â€" Victor Surbek, Hermann Hubacher, Hans Berger
• 1940 â€" Louis René Moilliet, Johann Jakob Probst, Alexandre Blanchet
• 1942 â€" Karl Walser, Otto Charles Bänninger, Max Hunziker
• 1948 â€" Fritz Pauli, Franz Fischer, René Auberjonois, Albert Schnyder
• 1950 â€" Alfred Heinrich Pellegrini, Ernst Suter
• 1952 â€" Hans Fischer, Max Gubler, Johann Jakob Probst
• 1954 â€" Cuno Amiet, Carl Burckhardt, Paul Speck, Marcel Poncet
• 1956 â€" Hans Aeschbacher, Walter Bodmer, Johannes Burla, Eugen Häfelfinger, Walter Linck, Bernhard Luginbühl, Robert Müller, Erwin Rehmann, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Louis Weber, André Gigon, Hansjörg Gisiger, René Monney, Antoine Poncet, Léon Prébandier, André Ramseyer, Serge Brignoni
• 1958 â€" Max Bill, Richard Paul Lohse, Camille Graeser, Theodor Bally, Wolf Barth, Walter Bodmer, Theo Eble, Fritz Glarner, Leo Leuppi, Louis René Moilliet, Wilfrid Moser, Max Rudolf von Mühlenen
• 1960 â€" Otto Tschumi, Varlin, Robert Müller
• 1962 â€" Albert Schilling, Paul Speck, Louis René Moilliet
• 1964 â€" Zoltán Kemény, Bernhard Luginbühl
• 1966 â€" Johannes Itten, Walter Linck
• 1968 â€" Fritz Glarner, Hans Aeschbacher
• 1970 â€" Peter Stämpfli, Walter Vögeli, Jean-Edouard Augsburger
• 1972 â€" Richard Paul Lohse, Willy Weber
• 1976 â€" Max Altorfer, Claude Loewer
• 1978 â€" Raffael Benazzi, Roland Hotz, Jean Lecoultre
• 1980 â€" Peter Steiner, Wilfrid Moser, Oscar Wiggli
• 1982 â€" Dieter Roth
• 1984 â€" Miriam Cahn
• 1986 â€" John Armleder, Aldo Walker
• 1988 â€" Markus Raetz
• 1990 â€" Olivier Mosset
• 1993 â€" Christoph Rütimann
• 1995 â€" Peter Fischli & David Weiss
• 1997 â€" Urs Frei, Helmut Federle
• 1999 â€" Roman Signer
• 2001 â€" Urs Luthi, Norbert Möslang, Andy Guhl
• 2003 â€" Emmanuelle Antille, Gerda Steiner, Jörg Lenzlinger
• 2005 â€" Pipilotti Rist, Ingrid Wildi, Gianni Motti, Shahryar Nashat, Marco Poloni (curator: Stefan Banz)
• 2007 â€" Yves Netzhammer, Ugo Rondinone, Urs Fischer, Christine Streuli (curators: Urs Staub, Andreas Münch)
• 2009 â€" Silvia Bächli, Fabrice Gygi (Commissioner: Andreas Münch, Curator: Urs Staub)
• 2011 â€" Thomas Hirschhorn/"Chewing the Scenery" (Curator: Andrea Thal)
• 2013 â€" Valentin Carron (Curator: Giovanni Carmine)

Turkey

In 2013, Turkey signed a 20-year lease for a national pavilion at the Venice Biennale, securing a venue in the Arsenale until 2034. The state-funded Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts is be the co-ordinator of the Turkish pavilion.

List of exhibitors in the Turkish Pavilion:

• 1990 â€" Kemal Önsoy, Mithat Åžen (Curator: Beral Madra)
• 1993 â€" ErdaÄŸ Aksel, Serhat Kiraz, Jȧrg Geismar, Adem Yilmaz (Curator: Beral Madra)
• 2001 â€" Murat Morova, Butch Morris, Ahmet Öktem, Sermin Sherif, Xurban.net (Güven IcirlioÄŸlu & Hakan Topal) (Curator: Beral Madra)
• 2003 â€" Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Ergin ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu, Gül Ilgaz, Neriman Polat, Nazif TopçuoÄŸlu (Curator: Beral Madra)
• 2005 â€" Hussein Chalayan (Curator: Beral Madra)
• 2007 â€" Hüseyin Alptekin (Curator: Vasif Kortun)
• 2009 â€" Banu CennetoÄŸlu, Ahmet Ögüt (Curator: Basak Senova)
• 2011 â€" AyÅŸe Erkmen (Curator: Fulya Erdemci)
• 2013 â€" Ali Kazma (Curator: Emre Baykal)
• 2015 â€" Sarkis (Curator: Defne Ayas)

Tuvalu

Despite the cost to the third world country, Tuvalu decided to develop its first national pavilion in 2013 to highlight the negative effects of global warming on the nation, which is forecast to be one of the first countries to disappear due to sea level rise caused by climate change. After working closely with Taiwanese eco artist Vincent J.F. Huang at the 2012 UNFCCC COP18 session in Doha, Qatar and collaborating with the artist on several occasions, Tuvalu's government invited Huang to act as the representative artist for the pavilion. All of the artworks at the 2013 Tuvalu Pavilion focused on climate change and included In the Name of Civilization, a giant oil rig turned agent of destruction, and Prisoner's Dilemma, a depiction of the Statue of Liberty kneeling in apology to ghostly portraits of terra-cotta penguins symbolic of ecological sacrifices made to further the development of human civilization.

List of exhibitors for the Tuvalu Pavilion:

• 2013 â€" Vincent J.F. Huang (Curators: An-Yi Pan, Li Szuhsien, Shih Shuping)

Ukraine

List of exhibitors in the Ukrainian Pavilion:

• 2011 â€" Oksana Mas «Post-vs-Proto-Renaissance» (Curator: Oleksiy Rogotchenko)
• 2013 â€" Ridnyi Mykola, Zinkovskyi Hamlet, Kadyrova Zhanna (Curators: Soloviov Oleksandr, Burlaka Victoria)

United States

The United States Pavilion at the Venice Biennale was constructed in 1930 by the Grand Central Art Galleries, a nonprofit artists' cooperative established in 1922 by Walter Leighton Clark together with John Singer Sargent, Edmund Greacen, and others. As stated in the Galleries' 1934 catalog, the organization's goal was to "give a broader field to American art; to exhibit in a larger way to a more numerous audience, not in New York alone but throughout the country, thus displaying to the world the inherent value which our art undoubtedly possesses."

Having worked tirelessly to promote American art at home the 1920s, in 1930 Walter Leighton Clark and the Grand Central Art Galleries spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. Up until then there was no place at the Biennale dedicated to American art, and Clark felt that it was crucial to establishing the credentials of the nation's artists abroad. The pavilion's architects were William Adams Delano, who also designed the Grand Central Art Galleries, and Chester Holmes Aldrich. The purchase of the land, design, and construction was paid for by the galleries and personally supervised by Clark. As he wrote in the 1934 catalog:

"Pursuing our purpose of putting American art prominently before the world, the directors a few years ago appropriated the sum of $25,000 for the erection of an exhibition building in Venice on the grounds of the International Biennial. Messrs. Delano and Aldrich generously donated the plans for this building which is constructed of Istrian marble and pink brick and more than holds its own with the twenty-five other buildings in the Park owned by the various European governments."

The pavilion, owned and operated by the galleries, opened on May 4, 1930. Approximately 90 paintings and 12 sculptures were selected by Clark for the opening exhibition. Artists featured included Max Boehm, Hector Caser, Lillian Westcott Hale, Edward Hopper, Abraham Poole, Julius Rolshoven, Joseph Pollet, Eugene Savage, Elmer Shofeld, Ofelia Keelan, and African-American artist Henry Tanner. U.S. Ambassador John W. Garrett opened the show together with the Duke of Bergamo.

The Grand Central Art Galleries operated the U.S. Pavilion until 1954, when it was sold to the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA). Throughout the 1950s and 1960s shows were organized by MOMA, Art Institute of Chicago, and Baltimore Museum of Art. The Modern withdrew from the Biennale in 1964, and the United States Information Agency ran the Pavilion until it was sold to the Guggenheim Foundation courtesy of funds provided by the Peggy Guggenheim Collection.

Since 1986 the Peggy Guggenheim Collection has worked with the United States Information Agency, the US Department of State and the Fund for Artists at International Festivals and Exhibitions in the organization of the visual arts exhibitions at the US Pavilion, while the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation has organized the comparable shows at the Architecture Biennales. Every two years museum curators from across the U.S. detail their visions for the American pavilion in proposals that are reviewed by the NEA Federal Advisory Committee on International Exhibitions (FACIE), a group comprising curators, museum directors and artists who then submit their recommendations to the public-private Fund for United States Artists at International Festivals and Exhibitions. Traditionally the endowment's selection committee has chosen a proposal submitted by a museum or curator, but in 2004 it simply chose an artist who in turn has nominated a curator, later approved by the State Department.

Exhibitors

Partial list of exhibitors at the United States Pavilion:

• 1930 â€" Edward Hopper, Julius Rolshoven, Eugene Savage, Henry Tanner.
• 1950 (26th) â€" Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock
• 1954 (28th) â€" Willem de Kooning, Ben Shahn
• 1960 (30th) â€" Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Theodore Roszak
• 1962 (31st) â€" Jan Müller, Louise Nevelson
• 1964 (32nd) â€" John Chamberlain, Jim Dine, Jasper Johns, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Rauschenberg, Frank Stella
• 1966 (33rd) â€" Helen Frankenthaler, Ellsworth Kelly, Roy Lichtenstein, Jules Olitski
• 1968 (34th) â€" Leonard Baskin, Edwin Dickinson, Richard Diebenkorn, Red Grooms, James McGarrell, Reuben Nakian, Fairfield Porter
• 1970 (35th) â€" Survey of American Prints and Printmaking (Commissioner: Lois A. Bingham; curator: Henry T. Hopkins)
• 1972 (36th) â€" Diane Arbus, Ronald Davis, Richard Estes, Sam Gilliam, Jim Nutt, Keith Sonnier(Commissioner: Walter Hopps)
• 1976 (37th) â€" Richard Artschwager, Charles Garabedian, Robert Irwin, Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Robert Motherwell, Ed Ruscha, Robert Ryman, Joel Shapiro, Richard Tuttle, Andy Warhol, H.C. Westermann (Commissioner: Thomas M. Messer; curators: Hugh M. Davies, Sam Hunter, Rosalind Krauss, Marcia Tucker)
• 1978 (38th) â€" Harry Callahan, Richard Diebenkorn (Commissioner: Robert T. Buck, Jr.; curators: Peter Bunnell, Linda Cathcart)
• 1980 (39th) â€" Vito Acconci, Christo, Laurie Anderson and others (Commissioner: Janet Kardon)
• 1982 (40th) â€" Jess, Robert Smithson (posthumous), Richard Pousette-Dart (Commissioner: Thomas W. Leavitt; curator: Robert Hobbs)
• 1984 (41st) â€" Eric Fischl, Charles Garabedian, Melissa Miller and others (Commissioner: Marcia Tucker; curators: Lynn Gumpert, Ned Rifkin)
• 1986 (42nd) â€" Isamu Noguchi (Commissioner: Henry Geldzahler)
• 1988 (43rd) â€" Jasper Johns (Curator: Mark Rosenthal)
• 1990 (44th) â€" Jenny Holzer â€" Mother and Child (Commissioner: Michael Auping)
• 1993 (45th) â€" Louise Bourgeois (Curator: Charlotta Kotik)
• 1995 (46th) â€" Bill Viola â€" Buried Secrets (Curator: Marilyn A. Zeitlin)
• 1997 (47th) â€" Robert Colescott (Commissioner: Mimi Roberts)
• 1999 (48th) â€" Ann Hamilton (Curators: Katy Kline, Helaine Posner)
• 2001 (49th) â€" Robert Gober (Curators: Olga M. Viso, James Rondeau)
• 2003 (50th) â€" Fred Wilson (Commissioner and curator: Kathleen Goncharov).
• 2005 (51st) â€" Ed Ruscha (Commissioner: Linda Norden; curator: Donna De Salvo)
• 2007 (52nd) â€" Félix González-Torres (posthumous) (Curator: Nancy Spector)
• 2009 (53rd) â€" Bruce Nauman (Curators: Carlos Basualdo, Michael R. Taylor)
• 2011 (54th) â€" Allora & Calzadilla (Commissioner: Lisa Freiman)
• 2013 (55th) â€" Sarah Sze (Curators: Holly Block, Carey Lovelace)
• 2015 (56th) â€" Joan Jonas (Commissioner: Paul C. Ha, Curators: Paul C. Ha, Ute Meta Bauer)

Uruguay

Ex-warehouse of the Biennale, 1958, ceded to the government of Uruguay, 1960.

List of exhibitors in the Uruguayan Pavilion:

• 1954 â€" José Cuneo, Severino Pose
• 1956 â€" Joaquín Torres García
• 1960 â€" Zoma Baitler, Washington Barcala, Norberto Berdia, José Cuneo, José Echave, Adolfo Halty, Augusto Torres, Vicente Martìn, Julio Verdier (Commissioner: Jorge Pàez Vilaró)
• 1962 â€" Germán Cabrera, Juan Ventayol
• 1964 â€" Jorge Damiani, José Gamarra, Nelson Ramos, Jorge Páez Vilaró
• 1968 â€" Antonio Frasconi
• 1986 â€" Ernesto Aroztegui, Clever Lara
• 1988 â€" Luis Camnitzer
• 1990 â€" Gonzalo Fonseca
• 1993 â€" Águeda Dicancro
• 1995 â€" Ignacio Iturria
• 1997 â€" Nelson Ramos
• 1999 â€" Ricardo Pascale
• 2001 â€" Rimer Cardillo (Commissioner: Cléver Lara)
• 2003 â€" Pablo Atchugarry (Curator: Luciano Caramel)
• 2005 â€" Lacy Duarte (Commissioners: Alicia Haber, Olga Larnaudie)
• 2007 â€" Ernesto Vila (Commissioner: Enrique Aguerre)
• 2009 â€" Raquel Bessio, Juan Burgos, Pablo Uribe (Commissioners: Patricia Bentancur, Alfredo Torres)
• 2011 â€" Alejandro Cesarco, Magela Ferrero (Curator: Clio Bugel)
• 2013 â€" Wifredo Díaz Valdéz (Curators: Carlos Capelán, Verónica Cordeiro)
• 2015 â€" Marco Maggi

Venezuela

Designed by Carlo Scarpa, 1956.

List of exhibitors in the Venezuelan Pavilion:

• 1964 â€" Jesús Rafael Soto
• 1970 â€" Carlos Cruz-Diez, Jesús Rafael Soto
• 1978 â€" Luisa Richter
• 1980 â€" Regulo Pérez
• 1988 â€" Jacobo Borges
• 1990 â€" Julio Pacheco Rivas
• 1995 â€" Meyer Vaisman
• 2005 â€" Santiago Pol (Commissioner: Vivian Rivas Gingerich)
• 2007 â€" Antonio Briceño, Vincent & Feria (Commissioner: Zuleiva Vivas)
• 2009 â€" Claudio Perna, Antonieta Sosa, Alejandro Otero
• 2011 â€" Francisco Bassim, Clemencia Labin, Yoshi (Curator: Luis Hurtado)
• 2013 â€" Colectivo de Artistas Urbanos Venezolanos (Curator: Juan Calzadilla)

Wales

The Wales pavilion was introduced in 2003.

List of exhibitors in the Wales Pavilion:

• 2003 â€" Bethan Huws & Cerith Wyn Evans & Simon Pope [4]
• 2005 â€" Peter Finnemore, Laura Ford & Paul Granjon
• 2007 â€" Richard Deacon, Merlin James, & Heather and Ivan Morison
• 2009 â€" John Cale
• 2011 â€" Tim Davies
• 2013 â€" Bedwyr Williams
• 2015 â€" Helen Sear (Curator: Ffotogallery)

Unofficial Pavilions

As well as the national pavilions there are countless "unofficial pavilions" that spring up every year. 2009 there were pavilions such as the Gabon Pavilion and a Peckham pavilion. Upcoming artists in new media showed work in an Internet Pavilion in 2011.

Other

• "Venezia" Group of Pavilions â€" Brenno Del Giudice (Arti Decorative pavilion 1932); other pavilions (Yugoslavia, Romania, Latin America), 1938.
• Ticket Office â€" Carlo Scarpa, 1951.
• Book Shop â€" James Stirling, 1991.

Awards

The Venice Biennale has awarded prizes to the artists participating at the Exhibition since the first edition back in 1895. Grand Prizes were established in 1938 and ran until 1968 when they were abolished due to the protest movement. Prizes were taken up again in 1986. There are five judges on the jury.

1938 to 1968

• 1948 :
  • Grand Prize for Painting: Georges Braque

• 1950 :
  • Grand Prize for Painting: Henri Matisse
  • Grand Prize for Sculpture: Ossip Zadkine

• 1952 :
  • Grand Prize for Painting: Raoul Dufy
  • Special Prize for Sculpture: Alexander Calder

• 1954 :
  • Grand Prize for Painting: Max Ernst
  • Grand Prize for Sculpture: Jean Arp

• 1956 :
  • Grand Prize for Painting: Jacques Villon (France)
  • Special Prize for Sculpture: Lynn Chadwick (Great Britain)
  • International Grand Prize for Drawing: Aldemir Martins (Brazil)

• 1958:
  • International Grand Prize for Painting: Mark Tobey (United States)
  • International Grand Prize for Sculpture: Eduardo Chillida (Spain)
  • National Grand Prize for Painting: Giulio Turcato, Osvaldo Licini
  • National Grand Prize for Sculpture: Umberto Mastroianni

• 1960 :
  • Grand prize for painting Jean Fautrier (France), Hans Hartung (France), Emilio Vedova (Italy)
  • City of Venice prize for an Italian artist: Pietro Consagra

• 1962
  • Grand prize for painting: Alfred Manessier
  • Grand prize for sculpture: Alberto Giacometti

• 1964:
  • Foreign artist: Robert Rauschenberg (United States)

• 1966 :
  • Foreign artist: Julio Le Parc
  • Italian artist: Lucio Fontana, Alberto Viani

• 1968 :
  • Grand prize for painting: Bridget Riley
  • Grand prize for sculpture: Nicolas Schöffer
  • Italian artist: Gianni Colombo, Pino Pascali

Since 1986

• 1986 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Frank Auerbach, Sigmar Polke (Germany)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Daniel Buren (France)

• 1988 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Jasper Johns (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Italy

• 1990 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Giovanni Anselmo (Italy), Bernd and Hilla Becher (Germany)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Jenny Holzer (USA)

• 1993 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Richard Hamilton (United Kingdom), Antoni Tàpies (Spain), Robert Wilson (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Hans Haacke, Nam June Paik (Germany)

• 1995:
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Gary Hill (USA), R. B. Kitaj (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Akram El Magdoub, Hamdi Attia, Medhat Shafik, Khaled Shokry (Egypt)

• 1997 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Emilio Vedova (Italy), Agnes Martin (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Marina Abramović (USA) and Gerhard Richter (Germany)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Fabrice Hyber (France)

• 1999 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Louise Bourgeois (France), Bruce Nauman (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Doug Aitken (USA), Cai Guo-Qiang (China), and Shirin Neshat (Iran)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Monica Bonvicini, Bruna Esposito, Luisa Lambri, Paola Pivi, Grazia Toderi (Italy)

• 2001 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Richard Serra (USA), Cy Twombly (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Janet Cardiff & George Bures Miller, Marisa Merz (Italy), and Pierre Huyghe (France)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Gregor Schneider (Germany)

• 2003 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Michelangelo Pistoletto (Italy), Carol Rama (Italy)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Peter Fischli and David Weiss (Switzerland)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Young Artist: Oliver Payne and Nick Relph (United Kingdom)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Sun-Mei Tse (Luxemburg)

• 2005 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Barbara Kruger (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Thomas Schütte (Germany)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Young Artist: Regina José Galindo (Guatemala)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Annette Messager (France)

• 2007 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Malick Sidibé (Mali)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: León Ferrari (Argentina)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Young Artist: Emily Jacir (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Andreas Fogarasi (Hungary)

• 2009 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Yoko Ono (Japan), John Baldessari (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Tobias Rehberger (Germany)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Young Artist: Nathalie Djurberg (Sweden)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Bruce Nauman (USA)

• 2011 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Franz West (Austria), Elaine Sturtevant (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Christian Marclay (USA)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Young Artist: Haroon Mirza (United Kingdom)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Christoph Schlingensief (Germany)

• 2013 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement: Maria Lassnig (Austria), Marisa Merz (Italy)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Artist of the international exhibition: Tino Sehgal (United Kingdom/Germany)
  • Leone d'Oro for the Best Young Artist: Camille Henrot (France)
  • Leone d'Oro for Best Pavilion: Edson Chagas (Angola)

• 2014 :
  • Leone d'Oro for Lifetime Achievement in Dance: Steve Paxton (USA)

The selections are made by the Board of la Biennale di Venezia, following the proposal of the curator of the International Exhibition.

Management

On 26 July 1973, the Parliament approved the Organisation's new statute for the Biennale. A "democratic" Board was set up. It included 19 members made up of representatives from the Government, the most important local organisations, major trade unions, and a representative of the staff. The Board was to elect the President and nominate the Sectorial Directors - one each for Visual arts, Cinema, Music, and Theatre.

In 1998 the Biennale was transformed into a legal personality in private law and renamed "Società di Cultura La Biennale di Venezia". The company structure - Board of directors, Scientific committee, Board of auditors and assembly of private backers - has a duration of four years. The areas of activity became six (Architecture, Visual arts, Cinema, Theatre, Music, Dance), in collaboration with the ASAC (the Historical Archives). The President is nominated by the Minister for Cultural Affairs. The Board of directors consists of the President, the Mayor of Venice, and three members nominated respectively by the Regione Veneto, the Consiglio Provinciale di Venezia and private backers. Dance, was added to the others.

On 15January 2004, the Biennale was transformed into a foundation.