Last Tango in Paris (Italian: Ultimo tango a Parigi) is a 1972 Franco-Italian romantic erotic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci which portrays a recent American widower who begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young betrothed Parisian woman. It stars Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, and Jean-Pierre Léaud.
The film's raw portrayal of sexual violence and emotional turmoil led to international controversy and drew various levels of government censorship in different venues. Upon release in the United States, the most graphic scene was cut and the MPAA gave the film an X rating. After revisions were made to the MPAA ratings code, in 1997 the film was re-classified NC-17 for "some explicit sexual content." MGM released a censored R-rated cut in 1981.
Plot
Paul, a middle-aged American hotel owner mourning his wife's suicide, meets a young, engaged Parisian woman named Jeanne at an apartment that both are interested in renting. Paul takes the apartment after they begin an anonymous sexual relationship there. He insists that neither of them share any personal information, not even given names. The affair continues on until one day Jeanne arrives at the apartment and finds that Paul has packed up and left without warning.
Paul later meets Jeanne on the street and says he wants to renew the relationship. He tells her of the recent tragedy of his wife. As he tells his life story, they walk into a tango bar, where he continues telling her about himself. The loss of anonymity disillusions Jeanne about their relationship. She tells Paul she does not want to see him again. Paul, not wanting to let Jeanne go, chases her back to her apartment, where he tells her he loves her and wants to know her name.
Jeanne takes a gun from a drawer. She tells Paul her name and shoots him. Paul staggers out onto the balcony, mortally wounded, and collapses. As Paul dies, a dazed Jeanne mutters to herself that he was just a stranger who tried to rape her, that she did not know who he was, as if in a rehearsal, preparing herself for questioning by the police.
Cast
- Marlon Brando as Paul, an American expatriate and hotel owner
- Maria Schneider as Jeanne, a young Parisian woman
- Jean-Pierre Léaud as Thomas, a film director and Jeanne's fiance
- Maria Michi as Rosa's mother
- Massimo Girotti as Marcel, Rosa's former lover
- Giovanna Galletti as the Prostitute, an old acquaintance of Rosa
- Darling Légitimus as the Concierge
- Catherine Allégret as Catherine, a maid at Paul and Rosa's hotel
- Gitt Magrini as Jeanne's mother
- Luce Marquand as Olympia
- Veronica Lazar as Rosa, Paul's deceased wife
- Dan Diament as the TV sound engineer
- Catherine Sola as the script girl
- Mauro Marchetti as the TV cameraman
- Peter Schommer as the TV assistant cameraman
- Catherine Breillat as Mouchette
- Marie-Hélène Breillat as Monique
- Armand Abplanalp as the Prostitute's client
- Rachel Kesterber as Christine
- Ramón Mendizábal as the Tango Orchestra Leader
- Mimi Pinson as the President of Tango Jury
- Gérard Lepennec as the tall furniture mover
- Stéphane Koziak as the short furniture mover
- Scenes deleted in the US
- Michel Delahaye as the Bible salesman
- Laura Betti as Miss Blandish
- Jean-Luc Bideau as the Barge Captain
- Gianni Pulone
- Franca Sciutto
Production
Background
Bernardo Bertolucci developed the film from his sexual fantasies: "He once dreamed of seeing a beautiful nameless woman on the street and having sex with her without ever knowing who she was". The screenplay was by Bertolucci, Franco Arcalli, and Agnès Varda (additional dialogue). It was later adapted as a novel by Robert Alley. The film was directed by Bertolucci with cinematography by Vittorio Storaro. Agnès Varda based the last scenes on the death of Jim Morrison in Paris in the previous year.
Bertolucci originally intended to cast Dominique Sanda, who developed the idea with him, and Jean-Louis Trintignant. Trintignant refused and, when Brando accepted, Sanda was pregnant and decided not to do the film.
An art lover, Bertolucci drew inspiration from the works of the British artist Francis Bacon for the opening sequence of cast and crew credits.
Francis Bacon influence
The film's opening credits include two paintings by Francis Bacon: Double Portrait of Lucian Freud and Frank Auerbach and Study for a Portrait. The hues used in the film were inspired by the paintings of Bacon. During pre-production, Bertolucci frequently visited an exhibit of Bacon's paintings at the Grand Palais in Paris; he said that the light and colour in Bacon's paintings reminded him of Paris in the winter, when
"the lights of the stores are on, and there is a very beautiful contrast between the leaden gray of the wintry sky and the warmth of the show windows...the light in the paintings was the major source of inspiration for the style we were looking for."
Bacon's painting style often depicted human skin like raw meat and the painter's inspiration included meat hanging in a butcher shops window and human skin diseases.
Cinematographer Vittorio Storaro had previously worked with Bertolucci on The Conformist and often used an azure hue in the film. Storaro later told a reporter that
"after The Conformist I had a moment of crisis; I was asking myself: what can come after azure?...I did not have the slightest idea that an orange film could be born. We needed another kind of emotion...It was the case of Last Tango.
For Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci and Storaro took inspiration from Bacon's paintings by using "rich oranges, light and cool grays, icy whites, and occasional reds combine[d] with Bertolucci's own tasteful choices of soft browns, blond browns, and delicate whites with bluish and pink shadings."
Bertolucci took Marlon Brando to the Bacon exhibit and told Brando that he "wanted him to compare himself with Bacon's human figures because I felt that, like them, Marlon's face and body were characterized by a strange and infernal plasticity. I wanted Paul to be like the figures that obsessively return in Bacon: faces eaten by something coming from the inside."
Brando's lines
As was his practice in previous films, Marlon Brando refused to memorize his lines for many scenes. He wrote his lines on cue cards and posted them around the set, leaving Bertolucci with the problem of keeping them out of the picture frame. During his long monologue over the body of his wife, for example, Brando's dramatic lifting of his eyes upward is not spontaneous dramatic acting but a search for his next cue. Brando asked Bertolucci if he could "write lines on Maria's rear end," which the director rejected.
Post-production
Schneider provided frank interviews in the wake of Tango '​s controversy, claiming she had slept with 50 men and 70 women, that she was "bisexual completely," and that she was a user of heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. She also said of Bertolucci, "He's quite clever and more free and very young. Everybody was digging what he was doing, and we were all very close."
During the publicity for the film's release, Bertolucci said Schneider developed an "Oedipal fixation with Brando." Schneider said Brando sent her flowers after they first met, and "from then on he was like a daddy." In a contemporary interview, Schneider denied this, saying, "Brando tried to be very paternalistic with me, but it really wasn't any father-daughter relationship."
Bertolucci shot a scene which shows Brando's genitals, but in 1973 explained, "I had so identified myself with Brando that I cut it out of shame for myself. To show him naked would have been like showing me naked."
In 1975, Schneider recounted feelings of sexual humiliation pertaining to the sodomy scene:
Schneider much later in life said that making the film was her life's only regret, that it "ruined her life," and that she considers Bertolucci a "gangster and a pimp."
In 2011, Bertolucci disavowed that he "stole her youth," and commented, "The girl wasn't mature enough to understand what was going on." In 2013 he said on Dutch College Tour, a television program, "I feel guilty, but I don't regret it."
Brando said to Bertolucci at the time, "I was completely and utterly violated by you. I will never make another film like that." Brando refused to speak to Bertolucci for 15 years after the production was completed. Much like Schneider, Brando later said he "felt raped and manipulated" by the film.
Reception
The film opened in late 1972 in France, where filmgoers stood in two-hour lines for the first month of its run at the seven cinemas where it was screened. It gained unanimous positive reviews in every major French publication. In order to circumvent state censorship, thousands of Spaniards travelled hundreds of miles to reach French cinemas in Biarritz and Perpignan where Tango was playing. Following that, it was released in the United States, Great Britain, and other venues.
The film generated considerable controversy because of its subject and graphic portrayal of sex.
Response in United States
The film premiered in New York City on 14 October 1972, to enormous public controversy, as it had received coverage after opening in France. The media frenzy surrounding the film generated intense popular interest as well as moral condemnation, and the film was featured in cover stories in both Time and Newsweek magazines. Playboy published a photo spread of Brando and Schneider "cavorting in the nude." Time wrote,
"Any moviegoers who are not shocked, titillated, disgusted, fascinated, delighted or angered by this early scene in Bernardo Bertolucci's new movie, Last Tango in Paris, should be patient. There is more to come. Much more."
The Village Voice reported walkouts by board members and "vomiting by well-dressed wives." Columnist William F. Buckley and ABC's Harry Reasoner denounced the film as "pornography disguised as art."
After local government officials failed to ban the film in Montclair, NJ, theatergoers had to push through a mob of 200 outraged residents, who hurled epithets like "perverts" and "homos" at the attendees. Later, a bomb threat temporarily halted the showing. The New York chapter of the National Organization for Women denounced the film as a tool of "male domination."
The film's scandal centred mostly on an anal sex scene, featuring Paul's use of butter as a lubricant. Other critics focused on when the character Paul asks Jeanne to insert her fingers in his anus, then exacts a vow from her that she would prove her devotion to him by, among other things, having sex with a pig. Vincent Canby of The New York Times described the film's sexual content as the artistic expression of the "era of Norman Mailer and Germaine Greer."
Film critic Pauline Kael bestowed the film with the most ecstatic endorsement of her career, writing,
"Tango has altered the face of an art form. This is a movie people will be arguing about for as long as there are movies", and called it "the most powerfully erotic movie ever made, and it may turn out to be the most liberating movie ever made."
United Artists reprinted the whole of Kael's rave as a double-page advertisement in the Sunday New York Times. Kael's review of Last Tango in Paris is regarded as the most influential piece of her career, the American critic Roger Ebert has repeatedly described it as "the most famous movie review ever published," and he added the film to his "Great Movies" collection.
American director Robert Altman expressed unqualified praise: "I walked out of the screening and said to myself, 'How dare I make another film?' My personal and artistic life will never be the same." Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 31 reviews to give the film a rating of 80%.
The film earned $12,625,000 in North American rentals in 1973.
International response
British censors reduced the duration of the sodomy sequence before permitting the film to be released in the United Kingdom, though it is not cut in modern releases. Mary Whitehouse, a Christian morality campaigner, expressed outrage that the film had been certified "X" rather than banned outright, and Labour MP Maurice Edelman denounced the classification as "a license to degrade". Chile banned the film entirely for nearly thirty years under its military government, and the film was similarly suppressed in South Korea and Portugal.
In Australia, the film was released uncut with an R18+ rating by the Australian Classification Board on 1 February 1973. It received a VHS release by Warner Home Video with the same classification on 1 January 1987, forbidding sale or hire to anyone under the age of 18.
In Italy, the film was released on 15 December 1972, grossing an unprecedented $100,000 in six days. One week later, however, police seized all copies on the order of a prosecutor, who defined the film as "self-serving pornography", and its director was put on trial for "obscenity". Following first degree and appeal trials, the fate of the film was sealed on 26 January 1976 by the Italian Supreme Court, which sentenced all copies to be destroyed, (though some were preserved by the National Film Library). Bertolucci was served with a four-month suspended sentence in prison and had his civil rights revoked for five years, depriving him of voting rights. In 1987, 15 years after the film's release, a new ruling allowed the film to be released in Italy.
In Canada, the film was banned by the Nova Scotia Board of Censors, leading to the landmark 1978 Supreme Court of Canada split decision in Nova Scotia (Board of Censors) v McNeil, which upheld the provinces' right to censor films.
Accolades
Marlon Brando received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Bernardo Bertolucci was nominated for Best Director.
References
- Bibliography
External links
- Last Tango in Paris at the Internet Movie Database
- Last Tango in Paris at Rotten Tomatoes
- Ultimo Tango Em Paris MOVIE
- Pauline Kael's review
- Maria Schneider filmography
- Last Tango in Paris - slideshow by Life magazine